manage.c

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/*
 *  OpenVPN -- An application to securely tunnel IP networks
 *             over a single TCP/UDP port, with support for SSL/TLS-based
 *             session authentication and key exchange,
 *             packet encryption, packet authentication, and
 *             packet compression.
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2002-2026 OpenVPN Inc <sales@openvpn.net>
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2
 *  as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 *  with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
 
#include "syshead.h"
 
#ifdef ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
 
#include "error.h"
#include "fdmisc.h"
#include "options.h"
#include "sig.h"
#include "event.h"
#include "otime.h"
#include "integer.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "ssl.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "manage.h"
#include "openvpn.h"
#include "dco.h"
#include "push.h"
#include "multi.h"
 
#include "memdbg.h"
 
#ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
#include "pkcs11.h"
#endif
 
#define MANAGEMENT_ECHO_PULL_INFO 0
 
#if MANAGEMENT_ECHO_PULL_INFO
#define MANAGEMENT_ECHO_FLAGS LOG_PRINT_INTVAL
#else
#define MANAGEMENT_ECHO_FLAGS 0
#endif
 
/* tag for blank username/password */
static const char blank_up[] = "[[BLANK]]";
 
struct management *management; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* static forward declarations */
static void man_output_standalone(struct management *man, volatile int *signal_received);
 
static void man_reset_client_socket(struct management *man, const bool exiting);
 
static void
man_help(void)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, "Management Interface for %s", title_string);
    msg(M_CLIENT, "Commands:");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "auth-retry t           : Auth failure retry mode (none,interact,nointeract).");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "bytecount n            : Show bytes in/out, update every n secs (0=off).");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "echo [on|off] [N|all]  : Like log, but only show messages in echo buffer.");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "cr-response response   : Send a challenge response answer via CR_RESPONSE to server");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "exit|quit              : Close management session.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "forget-passwords       : Forget passwords entered so far.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "help                   : Print this message.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "hold [on|off|release]  : Set/show hold flag to on/off state, or");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                         release current hold and start tunnel.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "kill cn                : Kill the client instance(s) having common name cn.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "kill IP:port           : Kill the client instance connecting from IP:port.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "load-stats             : Show global server load stats.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "log [on|off] [N|all]   : Turn on/off realtime log display");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                         + show last N lines or 'all' for entire history.");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "mute [n]               : Set log mute level to n, or show level if n is absent.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "needok type action     : Enter confirmation for NEED-OK request of 'type',");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                         where action = 'ok' or 'cancel'.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "needstr type action    : Enter confirmation for NEED-STR request of 'type',");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                         where action is reply string.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "net                    : (Windows only) Show network info and routing table.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "password type p        : Enter password p for a queried OpenVPN password.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "remote type [host port] : Override remote directive, type=ACCEPT|MOD|SKIP.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "remote-entry-count     : Get number of available remote entries.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "remote-entry-get  i|all [j]: Get remote entry at index = i to to j-1 or all.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "proxy type [host port flags] : Enter dynamic proxy server info.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "pid                    : Show process ID of the current OpenVPN process.");
#ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
    msg(M_CLIENT, "pkcs11-id-count        : Get number of available PKCS#11 identities.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "pkcs11-id-get index    : Get PKCS#11 identity at index.");
#endif
    msg(M_CLIENT, "client-auth CID KID    : Authenticate client-id/key-id CID/KID (MULTILINE)");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "client-auth-nt CID KID : Authenticate client-id/key-id CID/KID");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "client-deny CID KID R [CR] : Deny auth client-id/key-id CID/KID with log reason");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                             text R and optional client reason text CR");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "client-pending-auth CID KID MSG timeout : Instruct OpenVPN to send AUTH_PENDING and INFO_PRE msg");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "                                      to the client and wait for a final client-auth/client-deny");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "client-kill CID [M]    : Kill client instance CID with message M (def=RESTART)");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "env-filter [level]     : Set env-var filter level");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "rsa-sig                : Enter a signature in response to >RSA_SIGN challenge");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "                         Enter signature base64 on subsequent lines followed by END");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "pk-sig                 : Enter a signature in response to >PK_SIGN challenge");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "                         Enter signature base64 on subsequent lines followed by END");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "certificate            : Enter a client certificate in response to >NEED-CERT challenge");
    msg(M_CLIENT,
        "                         Enter certificate base64 on subsequent lines followed by END");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "signal s               : Send signal s to daemon,");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                         s = SIGHUP|SIGTERM|SIGUSR1|SIGUSR2.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "state [on|off] [N|all] : Like log, but show state history.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "status [n]             : Show current daemon status info using format #n.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "test n                 : Produce n lines of output for testing/debugging.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "username type u        : Enter username u for a queried OpenVPN username.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "verb [n]               : Set log verbosity level to n, or show if n is absent.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "version [n]            : Set client's version to n or show current version of daemon.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "push-update-broad options : Broadcast a message to update the specified options.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "                            Ex. push-update-broad \"route something, -dns\"");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "push-update-cid CID options : Send an update message to the client identified by CID.");
    msg(M_CLIENT, "END");
}
 
static const char *
man_state_name(const int state)
{
    switch (state)
    {
        case OPENVPN_STATE_INITIAL:
            return "INITIAL";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_CONNECTING:
            return "CONNECTING";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_WAIT:
            return "WAIT";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_AUTH:
            return "AUTH";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_GET_CONFIG:
            return "GET_CONFIG";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_ASSIGN_IP:
            return "ASSIGN_IP";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_ADD_ROUTES:
            return "ADD_ROUTES";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_CONNECTED:
            return "CONNECTED";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_RECONNECTING:
            return "RECONNECTING";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_EXITING:
            return "EXITING";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_RESOLVE:
            return "RESOLVE";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_TCP_CONNECT:
            return "TCP_CONNECT";
 
        case OPENVPN_STATE_AUTH_PENDING:
            return "AUTH_PENDING";
 
        default:
            return "?";
    }
}
 
static void
man_welcome(struct management *man)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">INFO:OpenVPN Management Interface Version %d -- type 'help' for more info",
        MANAGEMENT_VERSION);
    if (man->persist.special_state_msg)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", man->persist.special_state_msg);
    }
}
 
static inline bool
man_password_needed(struct management *man)
{
    return man->settings.up.defined && !man->connection.password_verified;
}
 
static void
man_check_password(struct management *man, const char *line)
{
    if (man_password_needed(man))
    {
        /* This comparison is not fixed time but since strlen(time) is based on
         * the attacker choice, it should not give any indication of the real
         * password length, use + 1 to include the NUL byte that terminates the
         * string*/
        size_t compare_len =
            min_size(strlen(line) + 1, sizeof(man->settings.up.password));
        if (memcmp_constant_time(line, man->settings.up.password, compare_len) == 0)
        {
            man->connection.password_verified = true;
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: password is correct");
            man_welcome(man);
        }
        else
        {
            man->connection.password_verified = false;
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: bad password");
            if (++man->connection.password_tries >= MANAGEMENT_N_PASSWORD_RETRIES)
            {
                msg(M_WARN, "MAN: client connection rejected after %d failed password attempts",
                    MANAGEMENT_N_PASSWORD_RETRIES);
                man->connection.halt = true;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_update_io_state(struct management *man)
{
    if (socket_defined(man->connection.sd_cli))
    {
        if (buffer_list_defined(man->connection.out))
        {
            man->connection.state = MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE;
        }
        else
        {
            man->connection.state = MS_CC_WAIT_READ;
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_output_list_push_finalize(struct management *man)
{
    if (management_connected(man))
    {
        man_update_io_state(man);
        if (!man->persist.standalone_disabled)
        {
            volatile int signal_received = 0;
            man_output_standalone(man, &signal_received);
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_output_list_push_str(struct management *man, const char *str)
{
    if (management_connected(man) && str)
    {
        buffer_list_push(man->connection.out, str);
    }
}
 
static void
man_output_list_push(struct management *man, const char *str)
{
    man_output_list_push_str(man, str);
    man_output_list_push_finalize(man);
}
 
static void
man_prompt(struct management *man)
{
    if (man_password_needed(man))
    {
        man_output_list_push(man, "ENTER PASSWORD:");
    }
#if 0 /* should we use prompt? */
    else
    {
        man_output_list_push(man, ">");
    }
#endif
}
 
 
static void
report_command_status(const bool status, const char *command)
{
    if (status)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: %s command succeeded", command);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: %s command failed", command);
    }
}
 
static void
man_delete_unix_socket(struct management *man)
{
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
    if ((man->settings.flags & (MF_UNIX_SOCK | MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT)) == MF_UNIX_SOCK)
    {
        socket_delete_unix(&man->settings.local_unix);
    }
#endif
}
 
static void
man_close_socket(struct management *man, const socket_descriptor_t sd)
{
#ifndef _WIN32
    /*
     * Windows doesn't need this because the ne32 event is permanently
     * enabled at struct management scope.
     */
    if (man->persist.callback.delete_event)
    {
        (*man->persist.callback.delete_event)(man->persist.callback.arg, sd);
    }
#endif
    openvpn_close_socket(sd);
}
 
static void
virtual_output_callback_func(void *arg, const unsigned int flags, const char *str)
{
    struct management *man = (struct management *)arg;
    static int recursive_level = 0; /* GLOBAL */
 
#define AF_DID_PUSH  (1 << 0)
#define AF_DID_RESET (1 << 1)
    if (recursive_level < 5) /* limit recursion */
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
        struct log_entry e;
        const char *out = NULL;
        unsigned int action_flags = 0;
 
        ++recursive_level;
 
        CLEAR(e);
        update_time();
        e.timestamp = now;
        e.u.msg_flags = flags;
        e.string = str;
 
        if (flags & M_FATAL)
        {
            man->persist.standalone_disabled = false;
        }
 
        if (flags != M_CLIENT)
        {
            log_history_add(man->persist.log, &e);
        }
 
        if (!man_password_needed(man))
        {
            if (flags == M_CLIENT)
            {
                out = log_entry_print(&e, LOG_PRINT_CRLF, &gc);
            }
            else if (man->connection.log_realtime)
            {
                out = log_entry_print(&e,
                                      LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | LOG_PRINT_MSG_FLAGS
                                          | LOG_PRINT_LOG_PREFIX | LOG_PRINT_CRLF,
                                      &gc);
            }
            if (out)
            {
                man_output_list_push_str(man, out);
                action_flags |= AF_DID_PUSH;
            }
            if (flags & M_FATAL)
            {
                out = log_entry_print(&e, LOG_FATAL_NOTIFY | LOG_PRINT_CRLF, &gc);
                if (out)
                {
                    man_output_list_push_str(man, out);
                    action_flags |= (AF_DID_PUSH | AF_DID_RESET);
                }
            }
        }
 
        gc_free(&gc);
 
        if (action_flags & AF_DID_PUSH)
        {
            man_output_list_push_finalize(man);
        }
        if (action_flags & AF_DID_RESET)
        {
            man_reset_client_socket(man, true);
        }
 
        --recursive_level;
    }
    else
    {
        /* cannot use msg here */
        printf("virtual_output: message to management interface "
               "dropped due to recursion: <%s>\n",
               str);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Given a signal, return the signal with possible remapping applied,
 * or -1 if the signal should be ignored.
 */
static int
man_mod_signal(const struct management *man, const int signum)
{
    const unsigned int flags = man->settings.mansig;
    int s = signum;
    if (s == SIGUSR1)
    {
        if (flags & MANSIG_MAP_USR1_TO_HUP)
        {
            s = SIGHUP;
        }
        if (flags & MANSIG_MAP_USR1_TO_TERM)
        {
            s = SIGTERM;
        }
    }
    if (flags & MANSIG_IGNORE_USR1_HUP)
    {
        if (s == SIGHUP || s == SIGUSR1)
        {
            s = -1;
        }
    }
    return s;
}
 
static void
man_signal(struct management *man, const char *name)
{
    const int sig = parse_signal(name);
    if (sig >= 0)
    {
        const int sig_mod = man_mod_signal(man, sig);
        if (sig_mod >= 0)
        {
            throw_signal(sig_mod);
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: signal %s thrown", signal_name(sig_mod, true));
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: signal '%s' is currently ignored", name);
            if (man->persist.special_state_msg)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", man->persist.special_state_msg);
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: signal '%s' is not a known signal type", name);
    }
}
 
static void
man_command_unsupported(const char *command_name)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: The '%s' command is not supported by the current daemon mode",
        command_name);
}
 
static void
man_status(struct management *man, const int version, struct status_output *so)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.status)
    {
        (*man->persist.callback.status)(man->persist.callback.arg, version, so);
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("status");
    }
}
 
static void
man_bytecount_stop(struct management *man)
{
    man->connection.bytecount_update_seconds = 0;
    event_timeout_clear(&man->connection.bytecount_update_interval);
}
 
static void
man_bytecount(struct management *man, const int update_seconds)
{
    if (update_seconds > 0)
    {
        man->connection.bytecount_update_seconds = update_seconds;
        event_timeout_init(&man->connection.bytecount_update_interval,
                           man->connection.bytecount_update_seconds, now);
    }
    else
    {
        man_bytecount_stop(man);
    }
 
    /* The newly received bytecount interval may be sooner than the existing
     * coarse timer wakeup. Reset the timer to ensure it fires at the correct,
     * earlier time.
     */
    if (man->persist.callback.arg)
    {
        struct context *c;
 
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_SERVER)
        {
            struct multi_context *m = man->persist.callback.arg;
            c = &m->top;
        }
        else
        {
            c = man->persist.callback.arg;
        }
 
        reset_coarse_timers(c);
    }
 
    msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: bytecount interval changed");
}
 
static void
man_bytecount_output_client(counter_type bytes_in_total, counter_type bytes_out_total)
{
    char in[32];
    char out[32];
 
    /* do in a roundabout way to work around possible mingw or mingw-glibc bug */
    snprintf(in, sizeof(in), counter_format, bytes_in_total);
    snprintf(out, sizeof(out), counter_format, bytes_out_total);
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">BYTECOUNT:%s,%s", in, out);
}
 
static void
man_bytecount_output_server(const counter_type bytes_in_total, const counter_type bytes_out_total,
                            struct man_def_auth_context *mdac)
{
    char in[32];
    char out[32];
    /* do in a roundabout way to work around possible mingw or mingw-glibc bug */
    snprintf(in, sizeof(in), counter_format, bytes_in_total);
    snprintf(out, sizeof(out), counter_format, bytes_out_total);
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">BYTECOUNT_CLI:%lu,%s,%s", mdac->cid, in, out);
}
 
static void
man_kill(struct management *man, const char *victim)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
    if (man->persist.callback.kill_by_cn && man->persist.callback.kill_by_addr)
    {
        struct buffer buf;
        char p1[128];
        char p2[128];
        char p3[128];
        int n_killed;
 
        buf_set_read(&buf, (uint8_t *)victim, strlen(victim) + 1);
        buf_parse(&buf, ':', p1, sizeof(p1));
        buf_parse(&buf, ':', p2, sizeof(p2));
        buf_parse(&buf, ':', p3, sizeof(p3));
 
        if (strlen(p1) && strlen(p2) && strlen(p3))
        {
            /* IP:port specified */
            bool status;
            const in_addr_t addr =
                getaddr(GETADDR_HOST_ORDER | GETADDR_MSG_VIRT_OUT, p2, 0, &status, NULL);
            if (status)
            {
                const int port = atoi(p3);
                const uint8_t proto = (streq(p1, "tcp"))   ? PROTO_TCP_SERVER
                                      : (streq(p1, "udp")) ? PROTO_UDP
                                                           : PROTO_NONE;
 
                if ((port > 0 && port <= UINT16_MAX) && (proto != PROTO_NONE))
                {
                    n_killed = (*man->persist.callback.kill_by_addr)(man->persist.callback.arg,
                                                                     addr, (uint16_t)port, proto);
                    if (n_killed > 0)
                    {
                        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: %d client(s) at address %s:%s:%d killed", n_killed,
                            proto2ascii(proto, AF_UNSPEC, false), print_in_addr_t(addr, 0, &gc),
                            port);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: client at address %s:%s:%d not found",
                            proto2ascii(proto, AF_UNSPEC, false), print_in_addr_t(addr, 0, &gc),
                            port);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: port number or protocol out of range: %s %s", p3, p1);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: error parsing IP address: %s", p2);
            }
        }
        else if (strlen(p1))
        {
            /* common name specified */
            n_killed = (*man->persist.callback.kill_by_cn)(man->persist.callback.arg, p1);
            if (n_killed > 0)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: common name '%s' found, %d client(s) killed", p1, n_killed);
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: common name '%s' not found", p1);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: kill parse");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("kill");
    }
 
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
/*
 * General-purpose history command handler
 * for the log and echo commands.
 */
static void
man_history(struct management *man, const char *parm, const char *type, struct log_history *log,
            bool *realtime, const unsigned int lep_flags)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    int n = 0;
 
    if (streq(parm, "on"))
    {
        *realtime = true;
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: real-time %s notification set to ON", type);
    }
    else if (streq(parm, "off"))
    {
        *realtime = false;
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: real-time %s notification set to OFF", type);
    }
    else if (streq(parm, "all") || (n = atoi(parm)) > 0)
    {
        const int size = log_history_size(log);
        const int start = (n ? n : size) - 1;
        int i;
 
        for (i = start; i >= 0; --i)
        {
            const struct log_entry *e = log_history_ref(log, i);
            if (e)
            {
                const char *out = log_entry_print(e, lep_flags, &gc);
                virtual_output_callback_func(man, M_CLIENT, out);
            }
        }
        msg(M_CLIENT, "END");
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: %s parameter must be 'on' or 'off' or some number n or 'all'", type);
    }
 
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
static void
man_log(struct management *man, const char *parm)
{
    man_history(man, parm, "log", man->persist.log, &man->connection.log_realtime,
                LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | LOG_PRINT_MSG_FLAGS);
}
 
static void
man_echo(struct management *man, const char *parm)
{
    man_history(man, parm, "echo", man->persist.echo, &man->connection.echo_realtime,
                LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | MANAGEMENT_ECHO_FLAGS);
}
 
static void
man_state(struct management *man, const char *parm)
{
    man_history(man, parm, "state", man->persist.state, &man->connection.state_realtime,
                LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | LOG_PRINT_STATE | LOG_PRINT_LOCAL_IP | LOG_PRINT_REMOTE_IP);
}
 
static void
man_up_finalize(struct management *man)
{
    switch (man->connection.up_query_mode)
    {
        case UP_QUERY_USER_PASS:
            if (!strlen(man->connection.up_query.username))
            {
                break;
            }
 
        /* fall through */
        case UP_QUERY_PASS:
        case UP_QUERY_NEED_OK:
        case UP_QUERY_NEED_STR:
            if (strlen(man->connection.up_query.password))
            {
                man->connection.up_query.defined = true;
            }
            break;
 
        case UP_QUERY_DISABLED:
            man->connection.up_query.defined = false;
            break;
 
        default:
            ASSERT(0);
    }
}
 
static void
man_query_user_pass(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *string, const bool needed,
                    const char *prompt, char *dest, int len)
{
    if (needed)
    {
        ASSERT(man->connection.up_query_type);
        if (streq(man->connection.up_query_type, type))
        {
            strncpynt(dest, string, len);
            man_up_finalize(man);
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: '%s' %s entered, but not yet verified", type, prompt);
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: %s of type '%s' entered, but we need one of type '%s'", prompt,
                type, man->connection.up_query_type);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: no %s is currently needed at this time", prompt);
    }
}
 
static void
man_query_username(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *string)
{
    const bool needed =
        ((man->connection.up_query_mode == UP_QUERY_USER_PASS) && man->connection.up_query_type);
    man_query_user_pass(man, type, string, needed, "username", man->connection.up_query.username,
                        USER_PASS_LEN);
}
 
static void
man_query_password(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *string)
{
    const bool needed = ((man->connection.up_query_mode == UP_QUERY_PASS
                          || man->connection.up_query_mode == UP_QUERY_USER_PASS)
                         && man->connection.up_query_type);
    if (!string[0]) /* allow blank passwords to be passed through using the blank_up tag */
    {
        string = blank_up;
    }
    man_query_user_pass(man, type, string, needed, "password", man->connection.up_query.password,
                        USER_PASS_LEN);
}
 
static void
man_query_need_ok(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *action)
{
    const bool needed =
        ((man->connection.up_query_mode == UP_QUERY_NEED_OK) && man->connection.up_query_type);
    man_query_user_pass(man, type, action, needed, "needok-confirmation",
                        man->connection.up_query.password, USER_PASS_LEN);
}
 
static void
man_query_need_str(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *action)
{
    const bool needed =
        ((man->connection.up_query_mode == UP_QUERY_NEED_STR) && man->connection.up_query_type);
    man_query_user_pass(man, type, action, needed, "needstr-string",
                        man->connection.up_query.password, USER_PASS_LEN);
}
 
static void
man_forget_passwords(struct management *man)
{
    ssl_purge_auth(false);
    (void)ssl_clean_auth_token();
    msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: Passwords were forgotten");
}
 
static void
man_net(struct management *man)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.show_net)
    {
        (*man->persist.callback.show_net)(man->persist.callback.arg, M_CLIENT);
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("net");
    }
}
 
static void
man_send_cc_message(struct management *man, const char *message, const char *parameters)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.send_cc_message)
    {
        const bool status = (*man->persist.callback.send_cc_message)(man->persist.callback.arg,
                                                                     message, parameters);
        if (status)
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: command succeeded");
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: command failed");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("cr-repsonse");
    }
}
#ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
 
static void
man_pkcs11_id_count(struct management *man)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">PKCS11ID-COUNT:%d", pkcs11_management_id_count());
}
 
static void
man_pkcs11_id_get(struct management *man, const int index)
{
    char *id = NULL;
    char *base64 = NULL;
 
    if (pkcs11_management_id_get(index, &id, &base64))
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">PKCS11ID-ENTRY:'%d', ID:'%s', BLOB:'%s'", index, id, base64);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">PKCS11ID-ENTRY:'%d'", index);
    }
 
    free(id);
    free(base64);
}
 
#endif /* ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11 */
 
static void
man_remote_entry_count(struct management *man)
{
    unsigned count = 0;
    if (man->persist.callback.remote_entry_count)
    {
        count = (*man->persist.callback.remote_entry_count)(man->persist.callback.arg);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "%u", count);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "END");
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("remote-entry-count");
    }
}
 
static void
man_remote_entry_get(struct management *man, const char *p1, const char *p2)
{
    ASSERT(p1);
 
    if (man->persist.callback.remote_entry_get && man->persist.callback.remote_entry_count)
    {
        unsigned int count = (*man->persist.callback.remote_entry_count)(man->persist.callback.arg);
 
        unsigned int from = (unsigned int)atoi(p1);
        unsigned int to = p2 ? (unsigned int)atoi(p2) : from + 1;
 
        if (!strcmp(p1, "all"))
        {
            from = 0;
            to = count;
        }
 
        for (unsigned int i = from; i < min_uint(to, count); i++)
        {
            char *remote = NULL;
            bool res =
                (*man->persist.callback.remote_entry_get)(man->persist.callback.arg, i, &remote);
            if (res && remote)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "%u,%s", i, remote);
            }
            free(remote);
        }
        msg(M_CLIENT, "END");
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("remote-entry-get");
    }
}
 
static void
man_hold(struct management *man, const char *cmd)
{
    if (cmd)
    {
        if (streq(cmd, "on"))
        {
            man->settings.flags |= MF_HOLD;
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: hold flag set to ON");
        }
        else if (streq(cmd, "off"))
        {
            man->settings.flags &= ~MF_HOLD;
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: hold flag set to OFF");
        }
        else if (streq(cmd, "release"))
        {
            man->persist.hold_release = true;
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: hold release succeeded");
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: bad hold command parameter");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: hold=%d", BOOL_CAST(man->settings.flags & MF_HOLD));
    }
}
 
#define IER_RESET 0
#define IER_NEW   1
 
static void
in_extra_reset(struct man_connection *mc, const int mode)
{
    if (mc)
    {
        if (mode != IER_NEW)
        {
            mc->in_extra_cmd = IEC_UNDEF;
            mc->in_extra_cid = 0;
            mc->in_extra_kid = 0;
        }
        if (mc->in_extra)
        {
            buffer_list_free(mc->in_extra);
            mc->in_extra = NULL;
        }
        if (mode == IER_NEW)
        {
            mc->in_extra = buffer_list_new();
        }
    }
}
 
static void
in_extra_dispatch(struct management *man)
{
    switch (man->connection.in_extra_cmd)
    {
        case IEC_CLIENT_AUTH:
            if (man->persist.callback.client_auth)
            {
                const bool status = (*man->persist.callback.client_auth)(
                    man->persist.callback.arg, man->connection.in_extra_cid,
                    man->connection.in_extra_kid, true, NULL, NULL, man->connection.in_extra);
                man->connection.in_extra = NULL;
                report_command_status(status, "client-auth");
            }
            else
            {
                man_command_unsupported("client-auth");
            }
            break;
 
        case IEC_PK_SIGN:
            man->connection.ext_key_state = EKS_READY;
            buffer_list_free(man->connection.ext_key_input);
            man->connection.ext_key_input = man->connection.in_extra;
            man->connection.in_extra = NULL;
            return;
 
        case IEC_CERTIFICATE:
            man->connection.ext_cert_state = EKS_READY;
            buffer_list_free(man->connection.ext_cert_input);
            man->connection.ext_cert_input = man->connection.in_extra;
            man->connection.in_extra = NULL;
            return;
    }
    in_extra_reset(&man->connection, IER_RESET);
}
 
static bool
parse_cid(const char *str, unsigned long *cid)
{
    if (sscanf(str, "%lu", cid) == 1)
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: cannot parse CID");
        return false;
    }
}
 
static bool
parse_uint(const char *str, const char *what, unsigned int *uint)
{
    if (sscanf(str, "%u", uint) == 1)
    {
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: cannot parse %s", what);
        return false;
    }
}
 
static void
man_client_pending_auth(struct management *man, const char *cid_str, const char *kid_str,
                        const char *extra, const char *timeout_str)
{
    unsigned long cid = 0;
    unsigned int kid = 0;
    unsigned int timeout = 0;
    if (parse_cid(cid_str, &cid) && parse_uint(kid_str, "KID", &kid)
        && parse_uint(timeout_str, "TIMEOUT", &timeout))
    {
        if (man->persist.callback.client_pending_auth)
        {
            bool ret = (*man->persist.callback.client_pending_auth)(man->persist.callback.arg, cid,
                                                                    kid, extra, timeout);
 
            if (ret)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: client-pending-auth command succeeded");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: client-pending-auth command failed."
                              " Extra parameter might be too long");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            man_command_unsupported("client-pending-auth");
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_client_auth(struct management *man, const char *cid_str, const char *kid_str, const bool extra)
{
    struct man_connection *mc = &man->connection;
    mc->in_extra_cid = 0;
    mc->in_extra_kid = 0;
    if (parse_cid(cid_str, &mc->in_extra_cid) && parse_uint(kid_str, "KID", &mc->in_extra_kid))
    {
        mc->in_extra_cmd = IEC_CLIENT_AUTH;
        in_extra_reset(mc, IER_NEW);
        if (!extra)
        {
            in_extra_dispatch(man);
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_client_deny(struct management *man, const char *cid_str, const char *kid_str,
                const char *reason, const char *client_reason)
{
    unsigned long cid = 0;
    unsigned int kid = 0;
    if (parse_cid(cid_str, &cid) && parse_uint(kid_str, "KID", &kid))
    {
        if (man->persist.callback.client_auth)
        {
            const bool status = (*man->persist.callback.client_auth)(
                man->persist.callback.arg, cid, kid, false, reason, client_reason, NULL);
            if (status)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: client-deny command succeeded");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: client-deny command failed");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            man_command_unsupported("client-deny");
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_client_kill(struct management *man, const char *cid_str, const char *kill_msg)
{
    unsigned long cid = 0;
    if (parse_cid(cid_str, &cid))
    {
        if (man->persist.callback.kill_by_cid)
        {
            const bool status =
                (*man->persist.callback.kill_by_cid)(man->persist.callback.arg, cid, kill_msg);
            if (status)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: client-kill command succeeded");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: client-kill command failed");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            man_command_unsupported("client-kill");
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_client_n_clients(struct management *man)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.n_clients)
    {
        const int nclients = (*man->persist.callback.n_clients)(man->persist.callback.arg);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: nclients=%d", nclients);
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("nclients");
    }
}
 
static void
man_env_filter(struct management *man, const int level)
{
    man->connection.env_filter_level = level;
    msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: env_filter_level=%d", level);
}
 
 
static void
man_pk_sig(struct management *man, const char *cmd_name)
{
    struct man_connection *mc = &man->connection;
    if (mc->ext_key_state == EKS_SOLICIT)
    {
        mc->ext_key_state = EKS_INPUT;
        mc->in_extra_cmd = IEC_PK_SIGN;
        in_extra_reset(mc, IER_NEW);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: The %s command is not currently available", cmd_name);
    }
}
 
static void
man_certificate(struct management *man)
{
    struct man_connection *mc = &man->connection;
    if (mc->ext_cert_state == EKS_SOLICIT)
    {
        mc->ext_cert_state = EKS_INPUT;
        mc->in_extra_cmd = IEC_CERTIFICATE;
        in_extra_reset(mc, IER_NEW);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: The certificate command is not currently available");
    }
}
 
static void
man_load_stats(struct management *man)
{
    extern counter_type link_read_bytes_global;
    extern counter_type link_write_bytes_global;
    int nclients = 0;
 
    if (man->persist.callback.n_clients)
    {
        nclients = (*man->persist.callback.n_clients)(man->persist.callback.arg);
    }
    msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: nclients=%d,bytesin=" counter_format ",bytesout=" counter_format,
        nclients, link_read_bytes_global, link_write_bytes_global);
}
 
#define MN_AT_LEAST (1 << 0)
static bool
man_need(struct management *man, const char **p, const int n, unsigned int flags)
{
    int i;
    ASSERT(p[0]);
    for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
    {
        if (!p[i])
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: the '%s' command requires %s%d parameter%s", p[0],
                (flags & MN_AT_LEAST) ? "at least " : "", n, n > 1 ? "s" : "");
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
 
static void
man_proxy(struct management *man, const char **p)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.proxy_cmd)
    {
        const bool status = (*man->persist.callback.proxy_cmd)(man->persist.callback.arg, p);
        report_command_status(status, "proxy");
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("proxy");
    }
}
 
static void
man_remote(struct management *man, const char **p)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.remote_cmd)
    {
        const bool status = (*man->persist.callback.remote_cmd)(man->persist.callback.arg, p);
        report_command_status(status, "remote");
    }
    else
    {
        man_command_unsupported("remote");
    }
}
 
#ifdef TARGET_ANDROID
static void
man_network_change(struct management *man, bool samenetwork)
{
    /* Called to signal the OpenVPN that the network configuration has changed and
     * the client should either float or reconnect.
     *
     * The code is currently only used by ics-openvpn
     */
    if (man->persist.callback.network_change)
    {
        int fd = (*man->persist.callback.network_change)(man->persist.callback.arg, samenetwork);
        man->connection.fdtosend = fd;
        msg(M_CLIENT, "PROTECTFD: fd '%d' sent to be protected", fd);
        if (fd == -2)
        {
            man_signal(man, "SIGUSR1");
        }
    }
}
#endif
 
static void
set_client_version(struct management *man, const char *version)
{
    if (version)
    {
        man->connection.client_version = atoi(version);
        /* Prior to version 3, we missed to respond to this command. Acknowledge only if version >= 4 */
        if (man->connection.client_version >= 4)
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: Management client version set to %d", man->connection.client_version);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: Invalid value specified for management client version");
    }
}
 
static void
man_push_update(struct management *man, const char **p, const push_update_type type)
{
    bool status = false;
 
    if (type == UPT_BROADCAST)
    {
        if (!man->persist.callback.push_update_broadcast)
        {
            man_command_unsupported("push-update-broad");
            return;
        }
 
        status = (*man->persist.callback.push_update_broadcast)(man->persist.callback.arg, p[1]);
    }
    else if (type == UPT_BY_CID)
    {
        if (!man->persist.callback.push_update_by_cid)
        {
            man_command_unsupported("push-update-cid");
            return;
        }
 
        unsigned long cid = 0;
 
        if (!parse_cid(p[1], &cid))
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: push-update-cid fail during cid parsing");
            return;
        }
 
        status = (*man->persist.callback.push_update_by_cid)(man->persist.callback.arg, cid, p[2]);
    }
 
    if (status)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: push-update command succeeded");
        return;
    }
    msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: push-update command failed");
}
 
static void
man_dispatch_command(struct management *man, struct status_output *so, const char **p,
                     const int nparms)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
    ASSERT(p[0]);
    if (streq(p[0], "exit") || streq(p[0], "quit"))
    {
        man->connection.halt = true;
        goto done;
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "help"))
    {
        man_help();
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "version") && p[1])
    {
        set_client_version(man, p[1]);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "version"))
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "OpenVPN Version: %s", title_string);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "Management Version: %d", MANAGEMENT_VERSION);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "END");
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "pid"))
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: pid=%d", platform_getpid());
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "nclients"))
    {
        man_client_n_clients(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "env-filter"))
    {
        int level = 0;
        if (p[1])
        {
            level = atoi(p[1]);
        }
        man_env_filter(man, level);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "signal"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_signal(man, p[1]);
        }
    }
#ifdef TARGET_ANDROID
    else if (streq(p[0], "network-change"))
    {
        bool samenetwork = false;
        if (p[1] && streq(p[1], "samenetwork"))
        {
            samenetwork = true;
        }
 
        man_network_change(man, samenetwork);
    }
#endif
    else if (streq(p[0], "load-stats"))
    {
        man_load_stats(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "status"))
    {
        int version = 0;
        if (p[1])
        {
            version = atoi(p[1]);
        }
        man_status(man, version, so);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "kill"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_kill(man, p[1]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "verb"))
    {
        if (p[1])
        {
            const int level = atoi(p[1]);
            if (set_debug_level(level, 0))
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: verb level changed");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: verb level is out of range");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: verb=%u", get_debug_level());
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "mute"))
    {
        if (p[1])
        {
            const int level = atoi(p[1]);
            if (set_mute_cutoff(level))
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: mute level changed");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: mute level is out of range");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: mute=%d", get_mute_cutoff());
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "auth-retry"))
    {
        if (p[1])
        {
            if (auth_retry_set(M_CLIENT, p[1]))
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: auth-retry parameter changed");
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: bad auth-retry parameter");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: auth-retry=%s", auth_retry_print());
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "state"))
    {
        if (!p[1])
        {
            man_state(man, "1");
        }
        else
        {
            if (p[1])
            {
                man_state(man, p[1]);
            }
            if (p[2])
            {
                man_state(man, p[2]);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "log"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            if (p[1])
            {
                man_log(man, p[1]);
            }
            if (p[2])
            {
                man_log(man, p[2]);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "echo"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            if (p[1])
            {
                man_echo(man, p[1]);
            }
            if (p[2])
            {
                man_echo(man, p[2]);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "username"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_query_username(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "password"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_query_password(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "forget-passwords"))
    {
        man_forget_passwords(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "needok"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_query_need_ok(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "needstr"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_query_need_str(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "cr-response"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_send_cc_message(man, "CR_RESPONSE", p[1]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "net"))
    {
        man_net(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "hold"))
    {
        man_hold(man, p[1]);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "bytecount"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_bytecount(man, atoi(p[1]));
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "client-kill"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            man_client_kill(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "client-deny"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 3, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            man_client_deny(man, p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "client-auth-nt"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_client_auth(man, p[1], p[2], false);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "client-auth"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_client_auth(man, p[1], p[2], true);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "client-pending-auth"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 4, 0))
        {
            man_client_pending_auth(man, p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "rsa-sig"))
    {
        man_pk_sig(man, "rsa-sig");
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "pk-sig"))
    {
        man_pk_sig(man, "pk-sig");
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "certificate"))
    {
        man_certificate(man);
    }
#ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
    else if (streq(p[0], "pkcs11-id-count"))
    {
        man_pkcs11_id_count(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "pkcs11-id-get"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_pkcs11_id_get(man, atoi(p[1]));
        }
    }
#endif
    else if (streq(p[0], "remote-entry-count"))
    {
        man_remote_entry_count(man);
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "remote-entry-get"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            man_remote_entry_get(man, p[1], p[2]);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "proxy"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            man_proxy(man, p);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "remote"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, MN_AT_LEAST))
        {
            man_remote(man, p);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "push-update-broad"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            man_push_update(man, p, UPT_BROADCAST);
        }
    }
    else if (streq(p[0], "push-update-cid"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 2, 0))
        {
            man_push_update(man, p, UPT_BY_CID);
        }
    }
#if 1
    else if (streq(p[0], "test"))
    {
        if (man_need(man, p, 1, 0))
        {
            int i;
            const int n = atoi(p[1]);
            for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT,
                    "[%d] The purpose of this command is to generate large amounts of output.", i);
            }
        }
    }
#endif
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: unknown command [%s], enter 'help' for more options", p[0]);
    }
 
done:
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
#ifdef _WIN32
 
static void
man_start_ne32(struct management *man)
{
    switch (man->connection.state)
    {
        case MS_LISTEN:
            net_event_win32_start(&man->connection.ne32, FD_ACCEPT, man->connection.sd_top);
            break;
 
        case MS_CC_WAIT_READ:
        case MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE:
            net_event_win32_start(&man->connection.ne32, FD_READ | FD_WRITE | FD_CLOSE,
                                  man->connection.sd_cli);
            break;
 
        default:
            ASSERT(0);
    }
}
 
static void
man_stop_ne32(struct management *man)
{
    net_event_win32_stop(&man->connection.ne32);
}
 
#endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */
 
static void
man_connection_settings_reset(struct management *man)
{
    man->connection.state_realtime = false;
    man->connection.log_realtime = false;
    man->connection.echo_realtime = false;
    man->connection.bytecount_update_seconds = 0;
    man->connection.password_verified = false;
    man->connection.password_tries = 0;
    man->connection.halt = false;
    man->connection.state = MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE;
}
 
static void
man_new_connection_post(struct management *man, const char *description)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
    set_nonblock(man->connection.sd_cli);
 
    man_connection_settings_reset(man);
 
#ifdef _WIN32
    man_start_ne32(man);
#endif
 
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
    if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
    {
        msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: %s %s", description,
            sockaddr_unix_name(&man->settings.local_unix, "NULL"));
    }
    else
#endif
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT)
    {
        msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: %s %s", description,
            print_sockaddr(man->settings.local->ai_addr, &gc));
    }
    else
    {
        struct sockaddr_storage addr;
        socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(addr);
        if (!getpeername(man->connection.sd_cli, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen))
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: %s %s", description,
                print_sockaddr((struct sockaddr *)&addr, &gc));
        }
        else
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: %s %s", description, "unknown");
        }
    }
 
    buffer_list_reset(man->connection.out);
 
    if (!man_password_needed(man))
    {
        man_welcome(man);
    }
    man_prompt(man);
    man_update_io_state(man);
 
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
static bool
man_verify_unix_peer_uid_gid(struct management *man, const socket_descriptor_t sd)
{
    if (socket_defined(sd) && (man->settings.user.user_valid || man->settings.group.group_valid))
    {
        static const char err_prefix[] =
            "MANAGEMENT: unix domain socket client connection rejected --";
        uid_t uid;
        gid_t gid;
        if (unix_socket_get_peer_uid_gid(man->connection.sd_cli, &uid, &gid))
        {
            if (man->settings.user.user_valid && man->settings.user.uid != uid)
            {
                msg(D_MANAGEMENT,
                    "%s UID of socket peer (%d) doesn't match required value (%d) as given by --management-client-user",
                    err_prefix, uid, man->settings.user.uid);
                return false;
            }
            if (man->settings.group.group_valid && man->settings.group.gid != gid)
            {
                msg(D_MANAGEMENT,
                    "%s GID of socket peer (%d) doesn't match required value (%d) as given by --management-client-group",
                    err_prefix, gid, man->settings.group.gid);
                return false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "%s cannot get UID/GID of socket peer", err_prefix);
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
#endif /* if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT */
 
static void
man_accept(struct management *man)
{
    struct link_socket_actual act;
    CLEAR(act);
 
    /*
     * Accept the TCP or Unix domain socket client.
     */
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
    if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
    {
        struct sockaddr_un remote;
        man->connection.sd_cli = socket_accept_unix(man->connection.sd_top, &remote);
        if (!man_verify_unix_peer_uid_gid(man, man->connection.sd_cli))
        {
            sd_close(&man->connection.sd_cli);
        }
    }
    else
#endif
    {
        man->connection.sd_cli = socket_do_accept(man->connection.sd_top, &act, false);
    }
 
    if (socket_defined(man->connection.sd_cli))
    {
        man->connection.remote = act.dest;
 
        if (socket_defined(man->connection.sd_top))
        {
#ifdef _WIN32
            man_stop_ne32(man);
#endif
        }
 
        man_new_connection_post(man, "Client connected from");
    }
}
 
static void
man_listen(struct management *man)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
    /*
     * Initialize state
     */
    man->connection.state = MS_LISTEN;
    man->connection.sd_cli = SOCKET_UNDEFINED;
 
    /*
     * Initialize listening socket
     */
    if (man->connection.sd_top == SOCKET_UNDEFINED)
    {
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
        {
            man_delete_unix_socket(man);
            man->connection.sd_top = create_socket_unix();
            socket_bind_unix(man->connection.sd_top, &man->settings.local_unix, "MANAGEMENT");
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            man->connection.sd_top = create_socket_tcp(man->settings.local);
            socket_bind(man->connection.sd_top, man->settings.local, man->settings.local->ai_family,
                        "MANAGEMENT", false);
        }
 
        /*
         * Listen for connection
         */
        if (listen(man->connection.sd_top, 1))
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "MANAGEMENT: listen() failed");
        }
 
        /*
         * Set misc socket properties
         */
        set_nonblock(man->connection.sd_top);
 
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: unix domain socket listening on %s",
                sockaddr_unix_name(&man->settings.local_unix, "NULL"));
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            const struct sockaddr *man_addr = man->settings.local->ai_addr;
            struct sockaddr_storage addr;
            socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(addr);
            if (!getsockname(man->connection.sd_top, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen))
            {
                man_addr = (struct sockaddr *)&addr;
            }
            else
            {
                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Failed to get the management socket address");
            }
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: TCP Socket listening on %s",
                print_sockaddr(man_addr, &gc));
        }
    }
 
#ifdef _WIN32
    man_start_ne32(man);
#endif
 
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
static void
man_connect(struct management *man)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    int status;
    int signal_received = 0;
 
    /*
     * Initialize state
     */
    man->connection.state = MS_INITIAL;
    man->connection.sd_top = SOCKET_UNDEFINED;
 
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
    if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
    {
        man->connection.sd_cli = create_socket_unix();
        status = socket_connect_unix(man->connection.sd_cli, &man->settings.local_unix);
        if (!status && !man_verify_unix_peer_uid_gid(man, man->connection.sd_cli))
        {
#ifdef EPERM
            status = EPERM;
#else
            status = 1;
#endif
            sd_close(&man->connection.sd_cli);
        }
    }
    else
#endif
    {
        man->connection.sd_cli = create_socket_tcp(man->settings.local);
        status = openvpn_connect(man->connection.sd_cli, man->settings.local->ai_addr, 5,
                                 &signal_received);
    }
 
    if (signal_received)
    {
        throw_signal(signal_received);
        goto done;
    }
 
    if (status)
    {
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
        {
            msg(D_LINK_ERRORS | M_ERRNO, "MANAGEMENT: connect to unix socket %s failed",
                sockaddr_unix_name(&man->settings.local_unix, "NULL"));
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            msg(D_LINK_ERRORS | M_ERRNO, "MANAGEMENT: connect to %s failed",
                print_sockaddr(man->settings.local->ai_addr, &gc));
        }
        throw_signal_soft(SIGTERM, "management-connect-failed");
        goto done;
    }
 
    man_new_connection_post(man, "Connected to management server at");
 
done:
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
static void
man_reset_client_socket(struct management *man, const bool exiting)
{
    if (socket_defined(man->connection.sd_cli))
    {
        man_bytecount_stop(man);
#ifdef _WIN32
        man_stop_ne32(man);
#endif
        man_close_socket(man, man->connection.sd_cli);
        man->connection.sd_cli = SOCKET_UNDEFINED;
        man->connection.state = MS_INITIAL;
        command_line_reset(man->connection.in);
        buffer_list_reset(man->connection.out);
        in_extra_reset(&man->connection, IER_RESET);
        msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: Client disconnected");
    }
    if (!exiting)
    {
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_FORGET_DISCONNECT && !man_password_needed(man))
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: Reset authentication on disconnect");
            ssl_purge_auth(false);
            (void)ssl_clean_auth_token();
        }
 
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_SIGNAL && !man_password_needed(man))
        {
            int mysig = man_mod_signal(man, SIGUSR1);
            if (mysig >= 0)
            {
                msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: Triggering management signal");
                throw_signal_soft(mysig, "management-disconnect");
            }
        }
 
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT)
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: Triggering management exit");
            throw_signal_soft(SIGTERM, "management-exit");
        }
        else
        {
            man_listen(man);
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_process_command(struct management *man, const char *line)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    struct status_output *so;
    int nparms;
    char *parms[MAX_PARMS + 1];
 
    CLEAR(parms);
    so = status_open(NULL, 0, -1, &man->persist.vout, 0);
    in_extra_reset(&man->connection, IER_RESET);
 
    if (man_password_needed(man))
    {
        man_check_password(man, line);
    }
    else
    {
        nparms = parse_line(line, parms, MAX_PARMS, "TCP", 0, M_CLIENT, &gc);
        if (parms[0] && streq(parms[0], "password"))
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT_DEBUG, "MANAGEMENT: CMD 'password [...]'");
        }
        else if (!streq(line, "load-stats"))
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT_DEBUG, "MANAGEMENT: CMD '%s'", line);
        }
 
#if 0
        /* DEBUGGING -- print args */
        {
            int i;
            for (i = 0; i < nparms; ++i)
            {
                msg(M_INFO, "[%d] '%s'", i, parms[i]);
            }
        }
#endif
 
        if (nparms > 0)
        {
            man_dispatch_command(man, so, (const char **)parms, nparms);
        }
    }
 
    CLEAR(parms);
    status_close(so);
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
static bool
man_io_error(struct management *man, const char *prefix)
{
    bool crt_error = false;
    int err = openvpn_errno_maybe_crt(&crt_error);
 
    if (!ignore_sys_error(err, crt_error))
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
        msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: TCP %s error: %s", prefix, strerror(err));
        gc_free(&gc);
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}
 
#ifdef TARGET_ANDROID
static ssize_t
man_send_with_fd(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes, int flags, int sendfd)
{
    struct msghdr msg = { 0 };
    struct iovec iov[1];
 
    union
    {
        struct cmsghdr cm;
        char control[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
    } control_un;
    struct cmsghdr *cmptr;
 
    msg.msg_control = control_un.control;
    msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(control_un.control);
 
    cmptr = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
    cmptr->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
    cmptr->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
    cmptr->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
    *((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr)) = sendfd;
 
    msg.msg_name = NULL;
    msg.msg_namelen = 0;
 
    iov[0].iov_base = ptr;
    iov[0].iov_len = nbytes;
    msg.msg_iov = iov;
    msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
 
    return (sendmsg(fd, &msg, flags));
}
 
static ssize_t
man_recv_with_fd(int fd, void *ptr, size_t nbytes, int flags, int *recvfd)
{
    struct msghdr msghdr = { 0 };
    struct iovec iov[1];
    ssize_t n;
 
    union
    {
        struct cmsghdr cm;
        char control[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
    } control_un;
    struct cmsghdr *cmptr;
 
    msghdr.msg_control = control_un.control;
    msghdr.msg_controllen = sizeof(control_un.control);
 
    msghdr.msg_name = NULL;
    msghdr.msg_namelen = 0;
 
    iov[0].iov_base = ptr;
    iov[0].iov_len = nbytes;
    msghdr.msg_iov = iov;
    msghdr.msg_iovlen = 1;
 
    if ((n = recvmsg(fd, &msghdr, flags)) <= 0)
    {
        return (n);
    }
 
    if ((cmptr = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msghdr)) != NULL && cmptr->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)))
    {
        if (cmptr->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "control level != SOL_SOCKET");
        }
        if (cmptr->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "control type != SCM_RIGHTS");
        }
        *recvfd = *((int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr));
    }
    else
    {
        *recvfd = -1; /* descriptor was not passed */
    }
    return (n);
}
 
/*
 * The android control method will instruct the GUI part of openvpn to do
 * the route/ifconfig/open tun command.   See doc/android.txt for details.
 */
bool
management_android_control(struct management *man, const char *command, const char *msg)
{
    if (!man)
    {
        msg(M_FATAL, "Required management interface not available.");
    }
    struct user_pass up;
    CLEAR(up);
    strncpy(up.username, msg, sizeof(up.username) - 1);
 
    management_query_user_pass(management, &up, command, GET_USER_PASS_NEED_OK, (void *)0);
    return strcmp("ok", up.password) == 0;
}
 
/*
 * In Android 4.4 it is not possible to open a new tun device and then close the
 * old tun device without breaking the whole VPNService stack until the device
 * is rebooted. This management method ask the UI what method should be taken to
 * ensure the optimal solution for the situation
 */
int
managment_android_persisttun_action(struct management *man)
{
    struct user_pass up;
    CLEAR(up);
    strcpy(up.username, "tunmethod");
    management_query_user_pass(management, &up, "PERSIST_TUN_ACTION", GET_USER_PASS_NEED_OK,
                               (void *)0);
    if (!strcmp("NOACTION", up.password))
    {
        return ANDROID_KEEP_OLD_TUN;
    }
    else if (!strcmp("OPEN_BEFORE_CLOSE", up.password))
    {
        return ANDROID_OPEN_BEFORE_CLOSE;
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_ERR, "Got unrecognised '%s' from management for PERSIST_TUN_ACTION query",
            up.password);
    }
 
    ASSERT(0);
    return ANDROID_OPEN_BEFORE_CLOSE;
}
 
 
#endif /* ifdef TARGET_ANDROID */
 
static ssize_t
man_read(struct management *man)
{
    /*
     * read command line from socket
     */
    unsigned char buf[256];
    ssize_t len = 0;
 
#ifdef TARGET_ANDROID
    int fd;
    len = man_recv_with_fd(man->connection.sd_cli, buf, sizeof(buf), MSG_NOSIGNAL, &fd);
    if (fd >= 0)
    {
        man->connection.lastfdreceived = fd;
    }
#else /* ifdef TARGET_ANDROID */
    len = recv(man->connection.sd_cli, (void *)buf, sizeof(buf), MSG_NOSIGNAL);
#endif
 
    if (len == 0)
    {
        man_reset_client_socket(man, false);
    }
    else if (len > 0)
    {
        bool processed_command = false;
 
        ASSERT(len <= (ssize_t)sizeof(buf));
        command_line_add(man->connection.in, buf, (size_t)len);
 
        /*
         * Reset output object
         */
        buffer_list_reset(man->connection.out);
 
        /*
         * process command line if complete
         */
        {
            const char *line;
            while ((line = command_line_get(man->connection.in)))
            {
                if (man->connection.in_extra)
                {
                    if (!strcmp(line, "END"))
                    {
                        in_extra_dispatch(man);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        buffer_list_push(man->connection.in_extra, line);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    man_process_command(man, (char *)line);
                }
                if (man->connection.halt)
                {
                    break;
                }
                command_line_next(man->connection.in);
                processed_command = true;
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * Reset output state to MS_CC_WAIT_(READ|WRITE)
         */
        if (man->connection.halt)
        {
            man_reset_client_socket(man, false);
            len = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            if (processed_command)
            {
                man_prompt(man);
            }
            man_update_io_state(man);
        }
    }
    else /* len < 0 */
    {
        if (man_io_error(man, "recv"))
        {
            man_reset_client_socket(man, false);
        }
    }
    return len;
}
 
static ssize_t
man_write(struct management *man)
{
    const int size_hint = 1024;
    ssize_t sent = 0;
    const struct buffer *buf;
 
    buffer_list_aggregate(man->connection.out, size_hint);
    buf = buffer_list_peek(man->connection.out);
    if (buf && BLEN(buf))
    {
        const int len = min_int(size_hint, BLEN(buf));
#ifdef TARGET_ANDROID
        if (man->connection.fdtosend > 0)
        {
            sent = man_send_with_fd(man->connection.sd_cli, BPTR(buf), len, MSG_NOSIGNAL,
                                    man->connection.fdtosend);
            man->connection.fdtosend = -1;
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            sent = send(man->connection.sd_cli, (const void *)BPTR(buf), len, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
        }
        if (sent >= 0)
        {
            buffer_list_advance(man->connection.out, sent);
        }
        else if (sent < 0)
        {
            if (man_io_error(man, "send"))
            {
                man_reset_client_socket(man, false);
            }
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Reset output state to MS_CC_WAIT_(READ|WRITE)
     */
    man_update_io_state(man);
 
    return sent;
}
 
static void
man_connection_clear(struct man_connection *mc)
{
    CLEAR(*mc);
 
    /* set initial state */
    mc->state = MS_INITIAL;
 
    /* clear socket descriptors */
    mc->sd_top = SOCKET_UNDEFINED;
    mc->sd_cli = SOCKET_UNDEFINED;
}
 
static void
man_persist_init(struct management *man, const int log_history_cache, const int echo_buffer_size,
                 const int state_buffer_size)
{
    struct man_persist *mp = &man->persist;
    if (!mp->defined)
    {
        CLEAR(*mp);
 
        /* initialize log history store */
        mp->log = log_history_init(log_history_cache);
 
        /*
         * Initialize virtual output object, so that functions
         * which write to a virtual_output object can be redirected
         * here to the management object.
         */
        mp->vout.func = virtual_output_callback_func;
        mp->vout.arg = man;
        mp->vout.flags_default = M_CLIENT;
        msg_set_virtual_output(&mp->vout);
 
        /*
         * Initialize --echo list
         */
        man->persist.echo = log_history_init(echo_buffer_size);
 
        /*
         * Initialize --state list
         */
        man->persist.state = log_history_init(state_buffer_size);
 
        mp->defined = true;
    }
}
 
static void
man_persist_close(struct man_persist *mp)
{
    if (mp->log)
    {
        msg_set_virtual_output(NULL);
        log_history_close(mp->log);
    }
 
    if (mp->echo)
    {
        log_history_close(mp->echo);
    }
 
    if (mp->state)
    {
        log_history_close(mp->state);
    }
 
    CLEAR(*mp);
}
 
static void
man_settings_init(struct man_settings *ms, const char *addr, const char *port,
                  const char *pass_file, const char *client_user, const char *client_group,
                  const int log_history_cache, const int echo_buffer_size,
                  const int state_buffer_size, const int remap_sigusr1, const unsigned int flags)
{
    if (!ms->defined)
    {
        CLEAR(*ms);
 
        ms->flags = flags;
 
        /*
         * Get username/password
         */
        if (pass_file)
        {
            get_user_pass(&ms->up, pass_file, "Management", GET_USER_PASS_PASSWORD_ONLY);
        }
 
#if UNIX_SOCK_SUPPORT
        /*
         * lookup client UID/GID if specified
         */
        if (client_user)
        {
            ASSERT(platform_user_get(client_user, &ms->user));
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: client_uid=%d", ms->user.uid);
        }
        if (client_group)
        {
            ASSERT(platform_group_get(client_group, &ms->group));
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: client_gid=%d", ms->group.gid);
        }
 
        if (ms->flags & MF_UNIX_SOCK)
        {
            sockaddr_unix_init(&ms->local_unix, addr);
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            /*
             * Run management over tunnel, or
             * separate channel?
             */
            if (streq(addr, "tunnel") && !(flags & MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT))
            {
                ms->management_over_tunnel = true;
            }
            else
            {
                int status;
                int resolve_flags = GETADDR_RESOLVE | GETADDR_WARN_ON_SIGNAL | GETADDR_FATAL;
 
                if (!(flags & MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT))
                {
                    resolve_flags |= GETADDR_PASSIVE;
                }
 
                status =
                    openvpn_getaddrinfo(resolve_flags, addr, port, 0, NULL, AF_UNSPEC, &ms->local);
                ASSERT(status == 0);
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * Log history and echo buffer may need to be resized
         */
        ms->log_history_cache = log_history_cache;
        ms->echo_buffer_size = echo_buffer_size;
        ms->state_buffer_size = state_buffer_size;
 
        /*
         * Set remap sigusr1 flags
         */
        if (remap_sigusr1 == SIGHUP)
        {
            ms->mansig |= MANSIG_MAP_USR1_TO_HUP;
        }
        else if (remap_sigusr1 == SIGTERM)
        {
            ms->mansig |= MANSIG_MAP_USR1_TO_TERM;
        }
 
        ms->defined = true;
    }
}
 
static void
man_settings_close(struct man_settings *ms)
{
    if (ms->local)
    {
        freeaddrinfo(ms->local);
    }
    CLEAR(*ms);
}
 
 
static void
man_connection_init(struct management *man)
{
    if (man->connection.state == MS_INITIAL)
    {
#ifdef _WIN32
        /*
         * This object is a sort of TCP/IP helper
         * for Windows.
         */
        net_event_win32_init(&man->connection.ne32);
#endif
 
        /*
         * Allocate helper objects for command line input and
         * command output from/to the socket.
         */
        man->connection.in = command_line_new(1024);
        man->connection.out = buffer_list_new();
 
        /*
         * Initialize event set for standalone usage, when we are
         * running outside of the primary event loop.
         */
        {
            int maxevents = 1;
            man->connection.es = event_set_init(&maxevents, EVENT_METHOD_FAST);
        }
 
        man->connection.client_version = 1; /* default version */
 
        /*
         * Listen/connect socket
         */
        if (man->settings.flags & MF_CONNECT_AS_CLIENT)
        {
            man_connect(man);
        }
        else
        {
            man_listen(man);
        }
    }
}
 
static void
man_connection_close(struct management *man)
{
    struct man_connection *mc = &man->connection;
 
    event_free(mc->es);
#ifdef _WIN32
    net_event_win32_close(&mc->ne32);
#endif
    if (socket_defined(mc->sd_top))
    {
        man_close_socket(man, mc->sd_top);
        man_delete_unix_socket(man);
    }
    if (socket_defined(mc->sd_cli))
    {
        man_close_socket(man, mc->sd_cli);
    }
 
    command_line_free(mc->in);
    buffer_list_free(mc->out);
 
    event_timeout_clear(&mc->bytecount_update_interval);
 
    in_extra_reset(&man->connection, IER_RESET);
    buffer_list_free(mc->ext_key_input);
    man_connection_clear(mc);
}
 
struct management *
management_init(void)
{
    struct management *man;
    ALLOC_OBJ_CLEAR(man, struct management);
 
    man_persist_init(man, MANAGEMENT_LOG_HISTORY_INITIAL_SIZE, MANAGEMENT_ECHO_BUFFER_SIZE,
                     MANAGEMENT_STATE_BUFFER_SIZE);
 
    man_connection_clear(&man->connection);
 
    return man;
}
 
bool
management_open(struct management *man, const char *addr, const char *port, const char *pass_file,
                const char *client_user, const char *client_group, const int log_history_cache,
                const int echo_buffer_size, const int state_buffer_size, const int remap_sigusr1,
                const unsigned int flags)
{
    bool ret = false;
 
    /*
     * Save the settings only if they have not
     * been saved before.
     */
    man_settings_init(&man->settings, addr, port, pass_file, client_user, client_group,
                      log_history_cache, echo_buffer_size, state_buffer_size, remap_sigusr1, flags);
 
    /*
     * The log is initially sized to MANAGEMENT_LOG_HISTORY_INITIAL_SIZE,
     * but may be changed here.  Ditto for echo and state buffers.
     */
    log_history_resize(man->persist.log, man->settings.log_history_cache);
    log_history_resize(man->persist.echo, man->settings.echo_buffer_size);
    log_history_resize(man->persist.state, man->settings.state_buffer_size);
 
    /*
     * If connection object is uninitialized and we are not doing
     * over-the-tunnel management, then open (listening) connection.
     */
    if (man->connection.state == MS_INITIAL)
    {
        if (!man->settings.management_over_tunnel)
        {
            man_connection_init(man);
            ret = true;
        }
    }
 
    return ret;
}
 
void
management_close(struct management *man)
{
    man_output_list_push_finalize(man); /* flush output queue */
    man_connection_close(man);
    man_settings_close(&man->settings);
    man_persist_close(&man->persist);
    free(man);
}
 
void
management_set_callback(struct management *man, const struct management_callback *cb)
{
    man->persist.standalone_disabled = true;
    man->persist.callback = *cb;
}
 
void
management_clear_callback(struct management *man)
{
    man->persist.standalone_disabled = false;
    man->persist.hold_release = false;
    CLEAR(man->persist.callback);
    man_output_list_push_finalize(man); /* flush output queue */
}
 
void
management_set_state(struct management *man, const int state, const char *detail,
                     const in_addr_t *tun_local_ip, const struct in6_addr *tun_local_ip6,
                     const struct openvpn_sockaddr *local, const struct openvpn_sockaddr *remote)
{
    if (man->persist.state
        && (!(man->settings.flags & MF_SERVER) || state < OPENVPN_STATE_CLIENT_BASE))
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
        struct log_entry e;
        const char *out = NULL;
 
        update_time();
        CLEAR(e);
        e.timestamp = now;
        e.u.state = state;
        e.string = detail;
        if (tun_local_ip)
        {
            e.local_ip = *tun_local_ip;
        }
        if (tun_local_ip6)
        {
            e.local_ip6 = *tun_local_ip6;
        }
        if (local)
        {
            e.local_sock = *local;
        }
        if (remote)
        {
            e.remote_sock = *remote;
        }
 
        log_history_add(man->persist.state, &e);
 
        if (man->connection.state_realtime)
        {
            out = log_entry_print(&e,
                                  LOG_PRINT_STATE_PREFIX | LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | LOG_PRINT_STATE
                                      | LOG_PRINT_LOCAL_IP | LOG_PRINT_REMOTE_IP | LOG_PRINT_CRLF
                                      | LOG_ECHO_TO_LOG,
                                  &gc);
        }
 
        if (out)
        {
            man_output_list_push(man, out);
        }
 
        gc_free(&gc);
    }
}
 
static bool
env_filter_match(const char *env_str, const int env_filter_level)
{
    static const char *env_names[] = { "username=",
                                       "password=",
                                       "X509_0_CN=",
                                       "tls_serial_",
                                       "untrusted_ip=",
                                       "ifconfig_local=",
                                       "ifconfig_netmask=",
                                       "daemon_start_time=",
                                       "daemon_pid=",
                                       "dev=",
                                       "ifconfig_pool_remote_ip=",
                                       "ifconfig_pool_netmask=",
                                       "time_duration=",
                                       "bytes_sent=",
                                       "bytes_received=",
                                       "session_id=",
                                       "session_state=" };
 
    if (env_filter_level == 0)
    {
        return true;
    }
    else if (env_filter_level <= 1 && !strncmp(env_str, "X509_", 5))
    {
        return true;
    }
    else if (env_filter_level <= 2)
    {
        size_t i;
        for (i = 0; i < SIZE(env_names); ++i)
        {
            const char *en = env_names[i];
            const size_t len = strlen(en);
            if (!strncmp(env_str, en, len))
            {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
    return false;
}
 
static void
man_output_env(const struct env_set *es, const bool tail, const int env_filter_level,
               const char *prefix)
{
    if (es)
    {
        struct env_item *e;
        for (e = es->list; e != NULL; e = e->next)
        {
            if (e->string && (!env_filter_level || env_filter_match(e->string, env_filter_level)))
            {
                msg(M_CLIENT, ">%s:ENV,%s", prefix, e->string);
            }
        }
    }
    if (tail)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">%s:ENV,END", prefix);
    }
}
 
static void
man_output_extra_env(struct management *man, const char *prefix)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    struct env_set *es = env_set_create(&gc);
    if (man->persist.callback.n_clients)
    {
        const int nclients = (*man->persist.callback.n_clients)(man->persist.callback.arg);
        setenv_int(es, "n_clients", nclients);
    }
    man_output_env(es, false, man->connection.env_filter_level, prefix);
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
void
management_up_down(struct management *man, const char *updown, const struct env_set *es)
{
    if (man->settings.flags & MF_UP_DOWN)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">UPDOWN:%s", updown);
        man_output_env(es, true, 0, "UPDOWN");
    }
}
 
void
management_notify(struct management *man, const char *severity, const char *type, const char *text)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">NOTIFY:%s,%s,%s", severity, type, text);
}
 
void
management_notify_generic(struct management *man, const char *str)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", str);
}
 
static void
man_output_peer_info_env(struct management *man, const struct man_def_auth_context *mdac)
{
    char line[256];
    if (man->persist.callback.get_peer_info)
    {
        const char *peer_info =
            (*man->persist.callback.get_peer_info)(man->persist.callback.arg, mdac->cid);
        if (peer_info)
        {
            struct buffer buf;
            buf_set_read(&buf, (const uint8_t *)peer_info, strlen(peer_info));
            while (buf_parse(&buf, '\n', line, sizeof(line)))
            {
                chomp(line);
                if (validate_peer_info_line(line))
                {
                    msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:ENV,%s", line);
                }
                else
                {
                    msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "validation failed on peer_info line received from client");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
void
management_notify_client_needing_auth(struct management *management, const unsigned int mda_key_id,
                                      struct man_def_auth_context *mdac, const struct env_set *es)
{
    if (!(mdac->flags & DAF_CONNECTION_CLOSED))
    {
        const char *mode = "CONNECT";
        if (mdac->flags & DAF_CONNECTION_ESTABLISHED)
        {
            mode = "REAUTH";
        }
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:%s,%lu,%u", mode, mdac->cid, mda_key_id);
        man_output_extra_env(management, "CLIENT");
        if (management->connection.env_filter_level > 0)
        {
            man_output_peer_info_env(management, mdac);
        }
        man_output_env(es, true, management->connection.env_filter_level, "CLIENT");
        mdac->flags |= DAF_INITIAL_AUTH;
    }
}
 
void
management_notify_client_cr_response(unsigned mda_key_id, const struct man_def_auth_context *mdac,
                                     const struct env_set *es, const char *response)
{
    struct gc_arena gc;
    if (management)
    {
        gc = gc_new();
 
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:CR_RESPONSE,%lu,%u,%s", mdac->cid, mda_key_id, response);
        man_output_extra_env(management, "CLIENT");
        if (management->connection.env_filter_level > 0)
        {
            man_output_peer_info_env(management, mdac);
        }
        man_output_env(es, true, management->connection.env_filter_level, "CLIENT");
        gc_free(&gc);
    }
}
 
void
management_connection_established(struct management *management, struct man_def_auth_context *mdac,
                                  const struct env_set *es)
{
    mdac->flags |= DAF_CONNECTION_ESTABLISHED;
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:ESTABLISHED,%lu", mdac->cid);
    man_output_extra_env(management, "CLIENT");
    man_output_env(es, true, management->connection.env_filter_level, "CLIENT");
}
 
void
management_notify_client_close(struct management *management, struct man_def_auth_context *mdac,
                               const struct env_set *es)
{
    if ((mdac->flags & DAF_INITIAL_AUTH) && !(mdac->flags & DAF_CONNECTION_CLOSED))
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:DISCONNECT,%lu", mdac->cid);
        man_output_env(es, true, management->connection.env_filter_level, "CLIENT");
        mdac->flags |= DAF_CONNECTION_CLOSED;
    }
}
 
void
management_learn_addr(struct management *management, struct man_def_auth_context *mdac,
                      const struct mroute_addr *addr, const bool primary)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    if ((mdac->flags & DAF_INITIAL_AUTH) && !(mdac->flags & DAF_CONNECTION_CLOSED))
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">CLIENT:ADDRESS,%lu,%s,%d", mdac->cid,
            mroute_addr_print_ex(addr, MAPF_SUBNET, &gc), BOOL_CAST(primary));
    }
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
void
management_echo(struct management *man, const char *string, const bool pull)
{
    if (man->persist.echo)
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
        struct log_entry e;
        const char *out = NULL;
 
        update_time();
        CLEAR(e);
        e.timestamp = now;
        e.string = string;
        e.u.intval = BOOL_CAST(pull);
 
        log_history_add(man->persist.echo, &e);
 
        if (man->connection.echo_realtime)
        {
            out = log_entry_print(&e,
                                  LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE | LOG_PRINT_ECHO_PREFIX | LOG_PRINT_CRLF
                                      | MANAGEMENT_ECHO_FLAGS,
                                  &gc);
        }
 
        if (out)
        {
            man_output_list_push(man, out);
        }
 
        gc_free(&gc);
    }
}
 
void
management_post_tunnel_open(struct management *man, const in_addr_t tun_local_ip)
{
    /*
     * If we are running management over the tunnel,
     * this is the place to initialize the connection.
     */
    if (man->settings.management_over_tunnel && man->connection.state == MS_INITIAL)
    {
        /* listen on our local TUN/TAP IP address */
        struct in_addr ia;
        int ret;
        char buf[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
 
        ia.s_addr = htonl(tun_local_ip);
        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ia, buf, sizeof(buf));
        ret =
            openvpn_getaddrinfo(GETADDR_PASSIVE, buf, NULL, 0, NULL, AF_INET, &man->settings.local);
        ASSERT(ret == 0);
        man_connection_init(man);
    }
}
 
void
management_pre_tunnel_close(struct management *man)
{
    if (man->settings.management_over_tunnel)
    {
        man_connection_close(man);
    }
}
 
void
management_auth_failure(struct management *man, const char *type, const char *reason)
{
    if (reason)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">PASSWORD:Verification Failed: '%s' ['%s']", type, reason);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, ">PASSWORD:Verification Failed: '%s'", type);
    }
}
 
void
management_auth_token(struct management *man, const char *token)
{
    msg(M_CLIENT, ">PASSWORD:Auth-Token:%s", token);
}
 
static inline bool
man_persist_state(unsigned int *persistent, const int n)
{
    if (persistent)
    {
        if (*persistent == (unsigned int)n)
        {
            return false;
        }
        *persistent = n;
    }
    return true;
}
 
#ifdef _WIN32
 
void
management_socket_set(struct management *man, struct event_set *es, void *arg,
                      unsigned int *persistent)
{
    if (man->connection.state != MS_INITIAL)
    {
        event_t ev = net_event_win32_get_event(&man->connection.ne32);
        net_event_win32_reset_write(&man->connection.ne32);
 
        switch (man->connection.state)
        {
            case MS_LISTEN:
                if (man_persist_state(persistent, 1))
                {
                    event_ctl(es, ev, EVENT_READ, arg);
                }
                break;
 
            case MS_CC_WAIT_READ:
                if (man_persist_state(persistent, 2))
                {
                    event_ctl(es, ev, EVENT_READ, arg);
                }
                break;
 
            case MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE:
                if (man_persist_state(persistent, 3))
                {
                    event_ctl(es, ev, EVENT_READ | EVENT_WRITE, arg);
                }
                break;
 
            default:
                ASSERT(0);
        }
    }
}
 
void
management_io(struct management *man)
{
    if (man->connection.state != MS_INITIAL)
    {
        long net_events;
        net_event_win32_reset(&man->connection.ne32);
        net_events = net_event_win32_get_event_mask(&man->connection.ne32);
 
        if (net_events & FD_CLOSE)
        {
            man_reset_client_socket(man, false);
        }
        else
        {
            if (man->connection.state == MS_LISTEN)
            {
                if (net_events & FD_ACCEPT)
                {
                    man_accept(man);
                    net_event_win32_clear_selected_events(&man->connection.ne32, FD_ACCEPT);
                }
            }
            else if (man->connection.state == MS_CC_WAIT_READ
                     || man->connection.state == MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE)
            {
                if (net_events & FD_READ)
                {
                    while (man_read(man) > 0)
                    {
                    }
                    net_event_win32_clear_selected_events(&man->connection.ne32, FD_READ);
                }
 
                if (net_events & FD_WRITE)
                {
                    ssize_t status = man_write(man);
                    if (status < 0 && WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK)
                    {
                        net_event_win32_clear_selected_events(&man->connection.ne32, FD_WRITE);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
#else  /* ifdef _WIN32 */
 
void
management_socket_set(struct management *man, struct event_set *es, void *arg,
                      unsigned int *persistent)
{
    switch (man->connection.state)
    {
        case MS_LISTEN:
            if (man_persist_state(persistent, 1))
            {
                event_ctl(es, man->connection.sd_top, EVENT_READ, arg);
            }
            break;
 
        case MS_CC_WAIT_READ:
            if (man_persist_state(persistent, 2))
            {
                event_ctl(es, man->connection.sd_cli, EVENT_READ, arg);
            }
            break;
 
        case MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE:
            if (man_persist_state(persistent, 3))
            {
                event_ctl(es, man->connection.sd_cli, EVENT_WRITE, arg);
            }
            break;
 
        case MS_INITIAL:
            break;
 
        default:
            ASSERT(0);
    }
}
 
void
management_io(struct management *man)
{
    switch (man->connection.state)
    {
        case MS_LISTEN:
            man_accept(man);
            break;
 
        case MS_CC_WAIT_READ:
            man_read(man);
            break;
 
        case MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE:
            man_write(man);
            break;
 
        case MS_INITIAL:
            break;
 
        default:
            ASSERT(0);
    }
}
 
#endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */
 
static inline bool
man_standalone_ok(const struct management *man)
{
    return !man->settings.management_over_tunnel && man->connection.state != MS_INITIAL;
}
 
static bool
man_check_for_signals(volatile int *signal_received)
{
    if (signal_received)
    {
        get_signal(signal_received);
        if (*signal_received)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * Wait for socket I/O when outside primary event loop
 */
static int
man_block(struct management *man, volatile int *signal_received, const time_t expire)
{
    struct timeval tv;
    struct event_set_return esr;
    int status = -1;
 
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        /* expire time can be already overdue, for this case init zero
         * timeout to avoid waiting first time and exit loop early with
         * either obtained event or timeout.
         */
        tv.tv_usec = 0;
        tv.tv_sec = 0;
 
        while (true)
        {
            event_reset(man->connection.es);
            management_socket_set(man, man->connection.es, NULL, NULL);
            if (man_check_for_signals(signal_received))
            {
                status = -1;
                break;
            }
            status = event_wait(man->connection.es, &tv, &esr, 1);
            update_time();
            if (man_check_for_signals(signal_received))
            {
                status = -1;
                break;
            }
 
            if (status > 0)
            {
                break;
            }
            else if (expire && now >= expire)
            {
                /* set SIGINT signal if expiration time exceeded */
                status = 0;
                if (signal_received)
                {
                    *signal_received = SIGINT;
                }
                break;
            }
 
            /* wait one second more */
            tv.tv_sec = 1;
            tv.tv_usec = 0;
        }
    }
    return status;
}
 
/*
 * Perform management socket output outside primary event loop
 */
static void
man_output_standalone(struct management *man, volatile int *signal_received)
{
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        while (man->connection.state == MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE)
        {
            management_io(man);
            if (man->connection.state == MS_CC_WAIT_WRITE)
            {
                man_block(man, signal_received, 0);
            }
            if (signal_received && *signal_received)
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Process management event loop outside primary event loop
 */
static int
man_standalone_event_loop(struct management *man, volatile int *signal_received,
                          const time_t expire)
{
    int status = -1;
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        status = man_block(man, signal_received, expire);
        if (status > 0)
        {
            management_io(man);
        }
    }
    return status;
}
 
#define MWCC_PASSWORD_WAIT (1 << 0)
#define MWCC_HOLD_WAIT     (1 << 1)
#define MWCC_OTHER_WAIT    (1 << 2)
 
/*
 * Block until client connects
 */
static void
man_wait_for_client_connection(struct management *man, volatile int *signal_received,
                               const time_t expire, unsigned int flags)
{
    ASSERT(man_standalone_ok(man));
    if (man->connection.state == MS_LISTEN)
    {
        if (flags & MWCC_PASSWORD_WAIT)
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "Need password(s) from management interface, waiting...");
        }
        if (flags & MWCC_HOLD_WAIT)
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "Need hold release from management interface, waiting...");
        }
        if (flags & MWCC_OTHER_WAIT)
        {
            msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "Need information from management interface, waiting...");
        }
        do
        {
            man_standalone_event_loop(man, signal_received, expire);
            if (signal_received && *signal_received)
            {
                break;
            }
        } while (man->connection.state == MS_LISTEN || man_password_needed(man));
    }
}
 
/*
 * Process the management event loop for sec seconds
 */
void
management_event_loop_n_seconds(struct management *man, int sec)
{
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        volatile int signal_received = 0;
        const bool standalone_disabled_save = man->persist.standalone_disabled;
        time_t expire = 0;
 
        /* This is so M_CLIENT messages will be correctly passed through msg() */
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = false;
 
        /* set expire time */
        update_time();
        if (sec >= 0)
        {
            expire = now + sec;
        }
 
        /* if no client connection, wait for one */
        man_wait_for_client_connection(man, &signal_received, expire, 0);
        if (signal_received)
        {
            return;
        }
 
        /* run command processing event loop */
        do
        {
            man_standalone_event_loop(man, &signal_received, expire);
            if (!signal_received)
            {
                man_check_for_signals(&signal_received);
            }
            if (signal_received)
            {
                return;
            }
            update_time();
        } while (expire && expire > now);
 
        /* revert state */
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = standalone_disabled_save;
    }
    else if (sec > 0)
    {
        sleep(sec);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Get a username/password from management channel in standalone mode.
 */
bool
management_query_user_pass(struct management *man, struct user_pass *up, const char *type,
                           const unsigned int flags, const char *static_challenge)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    bool ret = false;
 
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        volatile int signal_received = 0;
        const bool standalone_disabled_save = man->persist.standalone_disabled;
        struct buffer alert_msg = alloc_buf_gc(128, &gc);
        const char *alert_type = NULL;
        const char *prefix = NULL;
        unsigned int up_query_mode = 0;
        const char *sc = NULL;
        ret = true;
        /* This is so M_CLIENT messages will be correctly passed through msg() */
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = false;
        man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
 
        CLEAR(man->connection.up_query);
 
        if (flags & GET_USER_PASS_NEED_OK)
        {
            up_query_mode = UP_QUERY_NEED_OK;
            prefix = "NEED-OK";
            alert_type = "confirmation";
        }
        else if (flags & GET_USER_PASS_NEED_STR)
        {
            up_query_mode = UP_QUERY_NEED_STR;
            prefix = "NEED-STR";
            alert_type = "string";
        }
        else if (flags & GET_USER_PASS_PASSWORD_ONLY)
        {
            up_query_mode = UP_QUERY_PASS;
            prefix = "PASSWORD";
            alert_type = "password";
        }
        else
        {
            up_query_mode = UP_QUERY_USER_PASS;
            prefix = "PASSWORD";
            alert_type = "username/password";
            if (static_challenge)
            {
                sc = static_challenge;
            }
        }
        buf_printf(&alert_msg, ">%s:Need '%s' %s", prefix, type, alert_type);
 
        if (flags & (GET_USER_PASS_NEED_OK | GET_USER_PASS_NEED_STR))
        {
            buf_printf(&alert_msg, " MSG:%s", up->username);
        }
 
        if (sc)
        {
            buf_printf(&alert_msg, " SC:%d,%s",
                       BOOL_CAST(flags & GET_USER_PASS_STATIC_CHALLENGE_ECHO)
                           | (BOOL_CAST(flags & GET_USER_PASS_STATIC_CHALLENGE_CONCAT) << 1),
                       sc);
        }
 
        man_wait_for_client_connection(man, &signal_received, 0, MWCC_PASSWORD_WAIT);
        if (signal_received)
        {
            ret = false;
        }
 
        if (ret)
        {
            man->persist.special_state_msg = BSTR(&alert_msg);
            msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", man->persist.special_state_msg);
 
            /* tell command line parser which info we need */
            man->connection.up_query_mode = up_query_mode;
            man->connection.up_query_type = type;
 
            /* run command processing event loop until we get our username/password/response */
            do
            {
                man_standalone_event_loop(man, &signal_received, 0);
                if (!signal_received)
                {
                    man_check_for_signals(&signal_received);
                }
                if (signal_received)
                {
                    ret = false;
                    break;
                }
            } while (!man->connection.up_query.defined);
        }
 
        /* revert state */
        man->connection.up_query_mode = UP_QUERY_DISABLED;
        man->connection.up_query_type = NULL;
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = standalone_disabled_save;
        man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
 
        /* pass through blank passwords */
        if (!strcmp(man->connection.up_query.password, blank_up))
        {
            CLEAR(man->connection.up_query.password);
        }
 
        /*
         * Transfer u/p to return object, zero any record
         * we hold in the management object.
         */
        if (ret)
        {
            /* preserve caller's settings */
            man->connection.up_query.nocache = up->nocache;
            *up = man->connection.up_query;
        }
        secure_memzero(&man->connection.up_query, sizeof(man->connection.up_query));
    }
 
    gc_free(&gc);
    return ret;
}
 
static int
management_query_multiline(struct management *man, const char *b64_data, const char *prompt,
                           const char *cmd, int *state, struct buffer_list **input)
{
    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
    int ret = 0;
    volatile int signal_received = 0;
    struct buffer alert_msg = clear_buf();
    const bool standalone_disabled_save = man->persist.standalone_disabled;
    struct man_connection *mc = &man->connection;
 
    if (man_standalone_ok(man))
    {
        /* This is so M_CLIENT messages will be correctly passed through msg() */
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = false;
        man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
 
        *state = EKS_SOLICIT;
 
        if (b64_data)
        {
            alert_msg = alloc_buf_gc(strlen(b64_data) + strlen(prompt) + 3, &gc);
            buf_printf(&alert_msg, ">%s:%s", prompt, b64_data);
        }
        else
        {
            alert_msg = alloc_buf_gc(strlen(prompt) + 3, &gc);
            buf_printf(&alert_msg, ">%s", prompt);
        }
 
        man_wait_for_client_connection(man, &signal_received, 0, MWCC_OTHER_WAIT);
 
        if (signal_received)
        {
            goto done;
        }
 
        man->persist.special_state_msg = BSTR(&alert_msg);
        msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", man->persist.special_state_msg);
 
        /* run command processing event loop until we get our signature */
        do
        {
            man_standalone_event_loop(man, &signal_received, 0);
            if (!signal_received)
            {
                man_check_for_signals(&signal_received);
            }
            if (signal_received)
            {
                goto done;
            }
        } while (*state != EKS_READY);
 
        ret = 1;
    }
 
done:
    if (*state == EKS_READY && ret)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "SUCCESS: %s command succeeded", cmd);
    }
    else if (*state == EKS_INPUT || *state == EKS_READY)
    {
        msg(M_CLIENT, "ERROR: %s command failed", cmd);
    }
 
    /* revert state */
    man->persist.standalone_disabled = standalone_disabled_save;
    man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
    in_extra_reset(mc, IER_RESET);
    *state = EKS_UNDEF;
 
    gc_free(&gc);
    return ret;
}
 
static char *
/* returns allocated base64 signature */
management_query_multiline_flatten_newline(struct management *man, const char *b64_data,
                                           const char *prompt, const char *cmd, int *state,
                                           struct buffer_list **input)
{
    int ok;
    char *result = NULL;
    struct buffer *buf;
 
    ok = management_query_multiline(man, b64_data, prompt, cmd, state, input);
    if (ok && buffer_list_defined(*input))
    {
        buffer_list_aggregate_separator(*input, 10000, "\n");
        buf = buffer_list_peek(*input);
        if (buf && BLEN(buf) > 0)
        {
            result = (char *)malloc(BLEN(buf) + 1);
            check_malloc_return(result);
            memcpy(result, buf->data, BLEN(buf));
            result[BLEN(buf)] = '\0';
        }
    }
 
    buffer_list_free(*input);
    *input = NULL;
 
    return result;
}
 
static char *
/* returns allocated base64 signature */
management_query_multiline_flatten(struct management *man, const char *b64_data, const char *prompt,
                                   const char *cmd, int *state, struct buffer_list **input)
{
    int ok;
    char *result = NULL;
    struct buffer *buf;
 
    ok = management_query_multiline(man, b64_data, prompt, cmd, state, input);
    if (ok && buffer_list_defined(*input))
    {
        buffer_list_aggregate(*input, 2048);
        buf = buffer_list_peek(*input);
        if (buf && BLEN(buf) > 0)
        {
            result = (char *)malloc(BLEN(buf) + 1);
            check_malloc_return(result);
            memcpy(result, buf->data, BLEN(buf));
            result[BLEN(buf)] = '\0';
        }
    }
 
    buffer_list_free(*input);
    *input = NULL;
 
    return result;
}
 
char *
/* returns allocated base64 signature */
management_query_pk_sig(struct management *man, const char *b64_data, const char *algorithm)
{
    const char *prompt = "PK_SIGN";
    const char *desc = "pk-sign";
    struct buffer buf_data = alloc_buf(strlen(b64_data) + strlen(algorithm) + 20);
 
    if (man->connection.client_version <= 1)
    {
        prompt = "RSA_SIGN";
        desc = "rsa-sign";
    }
 
    buf_write(&buf_data, b64_data, (int)strlen(b64_data));
    if (man->connection.client_version > 2)
    {
        buf_write(&buf_data, ",", (int)strlen(","));
        buf_write(&buf_data, algorithm, (int)strlen(algorithm));
    }
    char *ret = management_query_multiline_flatten(man, (char *)buf_bptr(&buf_data), prompt, desc,
                                                   &man->connection.ext_key_state,
                                                   &man->connection.ext_key_input);
    free_buf(&buf_data);
    return ret;
}
 
char *
management_query_cert(struct management *man, const char *cert_name)
{
    const char prompt_1[] = "NEED-CERTIFICATE:";
    struct buffer buf_prompt = alloc_buf(strlen(cert_name) + 20);
    buf_write(&buf_prompt, prompt_1, strlen(prompt_1));
    buf_write(&buf_prompt, cert_name, strlen(cert_name) + 1); /* +1 for \0 */
 
    char *result;
    result = management_query_multiline_flatten_newline(
        management, NULL, (char *)buf_bptr(&buf_prompt), "certificate",
        &man->connection.ext_cert_state, &man->connection.ext_cert_input);
    free_buf(&buf_prompt);
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Return true if management_hold() would block
 */
bool
management_would_hold(struct management *man)
{
    return (man->settings.flags & MF_HOLD) && !man->persist.hold_release && man_standalone_ok(man);
}
 
/*
 * If the hold flag is enabled, hibernate until a management client releases the hold.
 * Return true if the caller should not sleep for an additional time interval.
 */
bool
management_hold(struct management *man, int holdtime)
{
    if (management_would_hold(man))
    {
        volatile int signal_received = 0;
        const bool standalone_disabled_save = man->persist.standalone_disabled;
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
        man->persist.standalone_disabled =
            false; /* This is so M_CLIENT messages will be correctly passed through msg() */
        man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
        man->settings.mansig |= MANSIG_IGNORE_USR1_HUP;
 
        man_wait_for_client_connection(man, &signal_received, 0, MWCC_HOLD_WAIT);
 
        if (!signal_received)
        {
            struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(128, &gc);
            buf_printf(&out, ">HOLD:Waiting for hold release:%d", holdtime);
            man->persist.special_state_msg = BSTR(&out);
            msg(M_CLIENT, "%s", man->persist.special_state_msg);
 
            /* run command processing event loop until we get our username/password */
            do
            {
                man_standalone_event_loop(man, &signal_received, 0);
                if (!signal_received)
                {
                    man_check_for_signals(&signal_received);
                }
                if (signal_received)
                {
                    break;
                }
            } while (!man->persist.hold_release);
        }
 
        /* revert state */
        man->persist.standalone_disabled = standalone_disabled_save;
        man->persist.special_state_msg = NULL;
        man->settings.mansig &= ~MANSIG_IGNORE_USR1_HUP;
 
        gc_free(&gc);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * struct command_line
 */
 
struct command_line *
command_line_new(const size_t buf_len)
{
    struct command_line *cl;
    ALLOC_OBJ_CLEAR(cl, struct command_line);
    cl->buf = alloc_buf(buf_len);
    cl->residual = alloc_buf(buf_len);
    return cl;
}
 
void
command_line_reset(struct command_line *cl)
{
    buf_clear(&cl->buf);
    buf_clear(&cl->residual);
}
 
void
command_line_free(struct command_line *cl)
{
    if (!cl)
    {
        return;
    }
    command_line_reset(cl);
    free_buf(&cl->buf);
    free_buf(&cl->residual);
    free(cl);
}
 
void
command_line_add(struct command_line *cl, const unsigned char *buf, const size_t len)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
        if (buf[i] && char_class(buf[i], (CC_PRINT | CC_NEWLINE)))
        {
            if (!buf_write_u8(&cl->buf, buf[i]))
            {
                buf_clear(&cl->buf);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
const char *
command_line_get(struct command_line *cl)
{
    const char *ret = NULL;
 
    int i = buf_substring_len(&cl->buf, '\n');
    if (i >= 0)
    {
        buf_copy_excess(&cl->residual, &cl->buf, i);
        buf_chomp(&cl->buf);
        ret = BSTR(&cl->buf);
    }
    return ret;
}
 
void
command_line_next(struct command_line *cl)
{
    buf_clear(&cl->buf);
    buf_copy(&cl->buf, &cl->residual);
    buf_clear(&cl->residual);
}
 
/*
 * struct log_entry
 */
 
const char *
log_entry_print(const struct log_entry *e, unsigned int flags, struct gc_arena *gc)
{
    struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(ERR_BUF_SIZE, gc);
    if (flags & LOG_FATAL_NOTIFY)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ">FATAL:");
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_LOG_PREFIX)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ">LOG:");
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_ECHO_PREFIX)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ">ECHO:");
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_STATE_PREFIX)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ">STATE:");
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_INT_DATE)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "%u,", (unsigned int)e->timestamp);
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_MSG_FLAGS)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "%s,", msg_flags_string(e->u.msg_flags, gc));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_STATE)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "%s,", man_state_name(e->u.state));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_INTVAL)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "%d,", e->u.intval);
    }
    if (e->string)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "%s", e->string);
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_LOCAL_IP)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ",%s", print_in_addr_t(e->local_ip, IA_EMPTY_IF_UNDEF, gc));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_REMOTE_IP)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ",%s",
                   (!addr_defined(&e->remote_sock)
                        ? ","
                        : print_sockaddr_ex(&e->remote_sock.addr.sa, ",",
                                            PS_DONT_SHOW_FAMILY | PS_SHOW_PORT, gc)));
        buf_printf(&out, ",%s",
                   (!addr_defined(&e->local_sock)
                        ? ","
                        : print_sockaddr_ex(&e->local_sock.addr.sa, ",",
                                            PS_DONT_SHOW_FAMILY | PS_SHOW_PORT, gc)));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_LOCAL_IP && !IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&e->local_ip6))
    {
        buf_printf(&out, ",%s", print_in6_addr(e->local_ip6, IA_EMPTY_IF_UNDEF, gc));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_ECHO_TO_LOG)
    {
        msg(D_MANAGEMENT, "MANAGEMENT: %s", BSTR(&out));
    }
    if (flags & LOG_PRINT_CRLF)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "\r\n");
    }
    return BSTR(&out);
}
 
static void
log_entry_free_contents(struct log_entry *e)
{
    /* Cast away constness of const char* */
    free((char *)e->string);
    CLEAR(*e);
}
 
/*
 * struct log_history
 */
 
static inline int
log_index(const struct log_history *h, int i)
{
    return modulo_add(h->base, i, h->capacity);
}
 
static void
log_history_obj_init(struct log_history *h, int capacity)
{
    CLEAR(*h);
    h->capacity = capacity;
    ALLOC_ARRAY_CLEAR(h->array, struct log_entry, capacity);
}
 
struct log_history *
log_history_init(const int capacity)
{
    struct log_history *h;
    ASSERT(capacity > 0);
    ALLOC_OBJ(h, struct log_history);
    log_history_obj_init(h, capacity);
    return h;
}
 
static void
log_history_free_contents(struct log_history *h)
{
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < h->size; ++i)
    {
        log_entry_free_contents(&h->array[log_index(h, i)]);
    }
    free(h->array);
}
 
void
log_history_close(struct log_history *h)
{
    log_history_free_contents(h);
    free(h);
}
 
void
log_history_add(struct log_history *h, const struct log_entry *le)
{
    struct log_entry *e;
    ASSERT(h->size >= 0 && h->size <= h->capacity);
    if (h->size == h->capacity)
    {
        e = &h->array[h->base];
        log_entry_free_contents(e);
        h->base = log_index(h, 1);
    }
    else
    {
        e = &h->array[log_index(h, h->size)];
        ++h->size;
    }
 
    *e = *le;
    e->string = string_alloc(le->string, NULL);
}
 
void
log_history_resize(struct log_history *h, const int capacity)
{
    if (capacity != h->capacity)
    {
        struct log_history newlog;
        int i;
 
        ASSERT(capacity > 0);
        log_history_obj_init(&newlog, capacity);
 
        for (i = 0; i < h->size; ++i)
        {
            log_history_add(&newlog, &h->array[log_index(h, i)]);
        }
 
        log_history_free_contents(h);
        *h = newlog;
    }
}
 
const struct log_entry *
log_history_ref(const struct log_history *h, const int index)
{
    if (index >= 0 && index < h->size)
    {
        return &h->array[log_index(h, (h->size - 1) - index)];
    }
    else
    {
        return NULL;
    }
}
 
void
management_sleep(const int n)
{
    if (n < 0)
    {
        return;
    }
    else if (management)
    {
        management_event_loop_n_seconds(management, n);
    }
    else
    {
#ifdef _WIN32
        win32_sleep(n);
#else
        if (n > 0)
        {
            sleep(n);
        }
#endif
    }
}
 
void
management_check_bytecount_client(struct context *c, struct management *man, struct timeval *timeval)
{
    if (man->persist.callback.flags & MCF_SERVER)
    {
        return;
    }
 
    if (event_timeout_trigger(&man->connection.bytecount_update_interval, timeval, ETT_DEFAULT))
    {
        if (dco_enabled(&c->options))
        {
            if (dco_get_peer_stats(c, true) < 0)
            {
                return;
            }
        }
 
        man_bytecount_output_client(c->c2.dco_read_bytes + man->persist.bytes_in + c->c2.link_read_bytes,
                                    c->c2.dco_write_bytes + man->persist.bytes_out + c->c2.link_write_bytes);
    }
}
 
void
management_check_bytecount_server(struct multi_context *multi, struct timeval *timeval)
{
    if (!(management->persist.callback.flags & MCF_SERVER))
    {
        return;
    }
 
    if (event_timeout_trigger(&management->connection.bytecount_update_interval, timeval, ETT_DEFAULT))
    {
        /* fetch counters from dco */
        if (dco_enabled(&multi->top.options))
        {
            if (dco_get_peer_stats_multi(&multi->top.c1.tuntap->dco, true) < 0)
            {
                return;
            }
        }
 
        /* iterate over peers and report counters for each connected peer */
        struct hash_iterator hi;
        struct hash_element *he;
        hash_iterator_init(multi->hash, &hi);
        while ((he = hash_iterator_next(&hi)))
        {
            struct multi_instance *mi = (struct multi_instance *)he->value;
            struct context_2 *c2 = &mi->context.c2;
 
            if ((c2->mda_context.flags & (DAF_CONNECTION_ESTABLISHED | DAF_CONNECTION_CLOSED)) == DAF_CONNECTION_ESTABLISHED)
            {
                man_bytecount_output_server(c2->dco_read_bytes + c2->link_read_bytes, c2->dco_write_bytes + c2->link_write_bytes, &c2->mda_context);
            }
        }
        hash_iterator_free(&hi);
    }
}
 
/* context_2 stats are reset on reconnect. Since client expects stats
 * to be preserved across reconnects, we need to save context_2
 * stats before tearing the tunnel down.
 */
void
man_persist_client_stats(struct management *man, struct context *c)
{
    man->persist.bytes_in += c->c2.link_read_bytes;
    man->persist.bytes_out += c->c2.link_write_bytes;
 
    /* no need to raise SIGUSR1 on error since we are already closing the instance */
    if (dco_enabled(&c->options) && (dco_get_peer_stats(c, false) == 0))
    {
        man->persist.bytes_in += c->c2.dco_read_bytes;
        man->persist.bytes_out += c->c2.dco_write_bytes;
    }
}
 
#else /* ifdef ENABLE_MANAGEMENT */
 
#include "win32.h"
void
management_sleep(const int n)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    win32_sleep(n);
#else
    if (n > 0)
    {
        sleep(n);
    }
#endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */
}
 
#endif /* ENABLE_MANAGEMENT */