error.c

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/*
 *  OpenVPN -- An application to securely tunnel IP networks
 *             over a single TCP/UDP port, with support for SSL/TLS-based
 *             session authentication and key exchange,
 *             packet encryption, packet authentication, and
 *             packet compression.
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2002-2026 OpenVPN Inc <sales@openvpn.net>
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2
 *  as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 *  with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
 
#include "syshead.h"
 
#include "error.h"
#include "buffer.h"
#include "init.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "win32.h"
#include "socket.h"
#include "tun.h"
#include "otime.h"
#include "status.h"
#include "integer.h"
#include "ps.h"
 
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
#ifndef LOG_OPENVPN
#define LOG_OPENVPN LOG_DAEMON
#endif
#endif
 
/* Globals */
msglvl_t x_debug_level; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* Mute state */
static int mute_cutoff;        /* GLOBAL */
static int mute_count;         /* GLOBAL */
static msglvl_t mute_category; /* GLOBAL */
 
/*
 * Output mode priorities are as follows:
 *
 *  (1) --log-x overrides everything
 *  (2) syslog is used if --daemon is defined and not --log-x
 *  (3) if OPENVPN_DEBUG_COMMAND_LINE is defined, output
 *      to constant logfile name.
 *  (4) Output to stdout.
 */
 
/* If true, indicates that stdin/stdout/stderr
 * have been redirected due to --log */
static bool std_redir; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* Should messages be written to the syslog? */
static bool use_syslog; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* Should stdout/stderr be be parsable and always be prefixed with time
 * and message flags */
static bool machine_readable_output; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* Should timestamps be included on messages to stdout/stderr? */
static bool suppress_timestamps; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* The program name passed to syslog */
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
static char *pgmname_syslog; /* GLOBAL */
#endif
 
/* If non-null, messages should be written here (used for debugging only) */
static FILE *msgfp; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* our default output targets */
static FILE *default_out; /* GLOBAL */
static FILE *default_err; /* GLOBAL */
 
/* If true, we forked from main OpenVPN process */
static bool forked; /* GLOBAL */
 
#if PORT_SHARE
void
msg_forked(void)
{
    forked = true;
}
#endif
 
bool
set_debug_level(const int level, const unsigned int flags)
{
    if (level >= 0 && (unsigned int)level <= M_DEBUG_LEVEL)
    {
        x_debug_level = (msglvl_t)level;
        return true;
    }
    else if (flags & SDL_CONSTRAIN)
    {
        x_debug_level = (msglvl_t)constrain_int(level, 0, M_DEBUG_LEVEL);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
bool
set_mute_cutoff(const int cutoff)
{
    if (cutoff >= 0)
    {
        mute_cutoff = cutoff;
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}
 
msglvl_t
get_debug_level(void)
{
    return x_debug_level;
}
 
int
get_mute_cutoff(void)
{
    return mute_cutoff;
}
 
void
set_suppress_timestamps(bool suppressed)
{
    suppress_timestamps = suppressed;
}
 
void
set_machine_readable_output(bool parsable)
{
    machine_readable_output = parsable;
}
 
void
error_reset(void)
{
    use_syslog = std_redir = false;
    suppress_timestamps = false;
    machine_readable_output = false;
    x_debug_level = 1;
    mute_cutoff = 0;
    mute_count = 0;
    mute_category = 0;
    default_out = OPENVPN_MSG_FP;
    default_err = OPENVPN_MSG_FP;
 
#ifdef OPENVPN_DEBUG_COMMAND_LINE
    msgfp = fopen(OPENVPN_DEBUG_FILE, "w");
    if (!msgfp)
    {
        openvpn_exit(OPENVPN_EXIT_STATUS_CANNOT_OPEN_DEBUG_FILE); /* exit point */
    }
#else
    msgfp = NULL;
#endif
}
 
void
errors_to_stderr(void)
{
    default_err = OPENVPN_ERROR_FP;
}
 
/*
 * Return a file to print messages to before syslog is opened.
 */
FILE *
msg_fp(const msglvl_t flags)
{
    FILE *fp = msgfp;
    if (!fp)
    {
        fp = (flags & (M_FATAL | M_USAGE_SMALL)) ? default_err : default_out;
    }
    if (!fp)
    {
        openvpn_exit(OPENVPN_EXIT_STATUS_CANNOT_OPEN_DEBUG_FILE); /* exit point */
    }
    return fp;
}
 
#define SWAP      \
    {             \
        tmp = m1; \
        m1 = m2;  \
        m2 = tmp; \
    }
 
int x_msg_line_num; /* GLOBAL */
 
void
x_msg(const msglvl_t flags, const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list arglist;
    va_start(arglist, format);
    x_msg_va(flags, format, arglist);
    va_end(arglist);
}
 
static const char *
openvpn_strerror(int err, bool crt_error, struct gc_arena *gc)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    if (!crt_error)
    {
        return strerror_win32(err, gc);
    }
#endif
    return strerror(err);
}
 
void
x_msg_va(const msglvl_t flags, const char *format, va_list arglist)
{
    struct gc_arena gc;
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
    int level;
#endif
    char *m1;
    char *m2;
    char *tmp;
    int e;
    const char *prefix;
    const char *prefix_sep;
 
    void usage_small(void);
 
    /* the macro has checked this otherwise */
    if (!msg_test(flags))
    {
        return;
    }
 
    bool crt_error = false;
    e = openvpn_errno_maybe_crt(&crt_error);
 
    /*
     * Apply muting filter.
     */
    /* the macro has checked this otherwise */
    if (!dont_mute(flags))
    {
        return;
    }
 
    gc_init(&gc);
 
    m1 = (char *)gc_malloc(ERR_BUF_SIZE, false, &gc);
    m2 = (char *)gc_malloc(ERR_BUF_SIZE, false, &gc);
 
    vsnprintf(m1, ERR_BUF_SIZE, format, arglist);
    m1[ERR_BUF_SIZE - 1] = 0; /* windows vsnprintf needs this */
 
    if ((flags & M_ERRNO) && e)
    {
        snprintf(m2, ERR_BUF_SIZE, "%s: %s (errno=%d)", m1, openvpn_strerror(e, crt_error, &gc), e);
        SWAP;
    }
 
    if (flags & M_OPTERR)
    {
        snprintf(m2, ERR_BUF_SIZE, "Options error: %s", m1);
        SWAP;
    }
 
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
    if (flags & (M_FATAL | M_NONFATAL | M_USAGE_SMALL))
    {
        level = LOG_ERR;
    }
    else if (flags & M_WARN)
    {
        level = LOG_WARNING;
    }
    else
    {
        level = LOG_NOTICE;
    }
#endif
 
    /* set up client prefix */
    if (flags & M_NOIPREFIX)
    {
        prefix = NULL;
    }
    else
    {
        prefix = msg_get_prefix();
    }
    prefix_sep = " ";
    if (!prefix)
    {
        prefix_sep = prefix = "";
    }
 
    /* virtual output capability used to copy output to management subsystem */
    if (!forked)
    {
        const struct virtual_output *vo = msg_get_virtual_output();
        if (vo)
        {
            snprintf(m2, ERR_BUF_SIZE, "%s%s%s", prefix, prefix_sep, m1);
            virtual_output_print(vo, flags, m2);
        }
    }
 
    if (!(flags & M_MSG_VIRT_OUT))
    {
        if (use_syslog && !std_redir && !forked)
        {
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
            syslog(level, "%s%s%s", prefix, prefix_sep, m1);
#endif
        }
        else
        {
            FILE *fp = msg_fp(flags);
            const bool show_usec = check_debug_level(DEBUG_LEVEL_USEC_TIME);
 
            if (machine_readable_output)
            {
                struct timeval tv;
                gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
 
                fprintf(fp, "%" PRIi64 ".%06ld %x %s%s%s%s", (int64_t)tv.tv_sec, (long)tv.tv_usec,
                        flags, prefix, prefix_sep, m1, "\n");
            }
            else if ((flags & M_NOPREFIX) || suppress_timestamps)
            {
                fprintf(fp, "%s%s%s%s", prefix, prefix_sep, m1, (flags & M_NOLF) ? "" : "\n");
            }
            else
            {
                fprintf(fp, "%s %s%s%s%s", time_string(0, 0, show_usec, &gc), prefix, prefix_sep,
                        m1, (flags & M_NOLF) ? "" : "\n");
            }
            fflush(fp);
            ++x_msg_line_num;
        }
    }
 
    if (flags & M_FATAL)
    {
        msg(M_INFO, "Exiting due to fatal error");
    }
 
    if (flags & M_FATAL)
    {
        openvpn_exit(OPENVPN_EXIT_STATUS_ERROR); /* exit point */
    }
    if (flags & M_USAGE_SMALL)
    {
        usage_small();
    }
 
    gc_free(&gc);
}
 
/*
 * Apply muting filter.
 */
bool
dont_mute(msglvl_t flags)
{
    bool ret = true;
    if (mute_cutoff > 0 && !(flags & M_NOMUTE))
    {
        const msglvl_t mute_level = DECODE_MUTE_LEVEL(flags);
        if (mute_level == mute_category)
        {
            if (mute_count == mute_cutoff)
            {
                msg(M_INFO | M_NOMUTE, "NOTE: --mute triggered...");
            }
            if (++mute_count > mute_cutoff)
            {
                ret = false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            const int suppressed = mute_count - mute_cutoff;
            if (suppressed > 0)
            {
                msg(M_INFO | M_NOMUTE,
                    "%d variation(s) on previous %d message(s) suppressed by --mute", suppressed,
                    mute_cutoff);
            }
            mute_count = 1;
            mute_category = mute_level;
        }
    }
    return ret;
}
 
void
assert_failed(const char *filename, int line, const char *condition)
{
    if (condition)
    {
        msg(M_FATAL, "Assertion failed at %s:%d (%s)", filename, line, condition);
    }
    else
    {
        msg(M_FATAL, "Assertion failed at %s:%d", filename, line);
    }
    _exit(1);
}
 
/*
 * Fail memory allocation.  Don't use msg() because it tries
 * to allocate memory as part of its operation.
 */
void
out_of_memory(void)
{
    fprintf(stderr, PACKAGE_NAME ": Out of Memory\n");
    exit(1);
}
 
void
open_syslog(const char *pgmname, bool stdio_to_null)
{
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
    if (!msgfp && !std_redir)
    {
        if (!use_syslog)
        {
            pgmname_syslog = string_alloc(pgmname ? pgmname : PACKAGE, NULL);
            openlog(pgmname_syslog, LOG_PID, LOG_OPENVPN);
            use_syslog = true;
 
            /* Better idea: somehow pipe stdout/stderr output to msg() */
            if (stdio_to_null)
            {
                set_std_files_to_null(false);
            }
        }
    }
#else /* if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY */
    msg(M_WARN,
        "Warning on use of --daemon: this operating system lacks daemon logging features, therefore when I become a daemon, I won't be able to log status or error messages");
#endif
}
 
void
close_syslog(void)
{
#if SYSLOG_CAPABILITY
    if (use_syslog)
    {
        closelog();
        use_syslog = false;
        free(pgmname_syslog);
        pgmname_syslog = NULL;
    }
#endif
}
 
#ifdef _WIN32
static int orig_stderr;
 
int
get_orig_stderr(void)
{
    return orig_stderr ? orig_stderr : _fileno(stderr);
}
#endif
 
void
redirect_stdout_stderr(const char *file, bool append)
{
#if defined(_WIN32)
    if (!std_redir)
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
        HANDLE log_handle;
        int log_fd;
 
        SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saAttr;
        saAttr.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
        saAttr.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
        saAttr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
 
        log_handle = CreateFileW(wide_string(file, &gc), GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, &saAttr,
                                 append ? OPEN_ALWAYS : CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
 
        gc_free(&gc);
 
        if (log_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        {
            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: cannot open --log file: %s", file);
            return;
        }
 
        /* append to logfile? */
        if (append)
        {
            if (SetFilePointer(log_handle, 0, NULL, FILE_END) == INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER)
            {
                msg(M_ERR, "Error: cannot seek to end of --log file: %s", file);
            }
        }
 
        /* save original stderr for password prompts */
        orig_stderr = _dup(_fileno(stderr));
        if (orig_stderr == -1)
        {
            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO,
                "Warning: cannot duplicate stderr, password prompts will appear in log file instead of console.");
            orig_stderr = _fileno(stderr);
        }
 
        /* direct stdout/stderr to point to log_handle */
        log_fd = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)log_handle, _O_TEXT);
        if (log_fd == -1)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "Error: --log redirect failed due to _open_osfhandle failure");
        }
 
        /* open log_handle as FILE stream */
        ASSERT(msgfp == NULL);
        msgfp = _fdopen(log_fd, "wt");
        if (msgfp == NULL)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "Error: --log redirect failed due to _fdopen");
        }
 
        /* redirect C-library stdout/stderr to log file */
        if (_dup2(log_fd, 1) == -1 || _dup2(log_fd, 2) == -1)
        {
            msg(M_WARN, "Error: --log redirect of stdout/stderr failed");
        }
 
        std_redir = true;
    }
#elif defined(HAVE_DUP2)
    if (!std_redir)
    {
        int out = open(file, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | (append ? O_APPEND : O_TRUNC), S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
 
        if (out < 0)
        {
            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: Error redirecting stdout/stderr to --log file: %s",
                file);
            return;
        }
 
        if (dup2(out, 1) == -1)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "--log file redirection error on stdout");
        }
        if (dup2(out, 2) == -1)
        {
            msg(M_ERR, "--log file redirection error on stderr");
        }
 
        if (out > 2)
        {
            close(out);
        }
 
        std_redir = true;
    }
 
#else  /* if defined(_WIN32) */
    msg(M_WARN,
        "WARNING: The --log option is not supported on this OS because it lacks the dup2 function");
#endif /* if defined(_WIN32) */
}
 
/*
 * Functions used to check return status
 * of I/O operations.
 */
 
unsigned int x_cs_info_level;    /* GLOBAL */
unsigned int x_cs_verbose_level; /* GLOBAL */
unsigned int x_cs_err_delay_ms;  /* GLOBAL */
 
void
reset_check_status(void)
{
    x_cs_info_level = 0;
    x_cs_verbose_level = 0;
}
 
void
set_check_status(unsigned int info_level, unsigned int verbose_level)
{
    x_cs_info_level = info_level;
    x_cs_verbose_level = verbose_level;
}
 
/*
 * Called after most socket or tun/tap operations, via the inline
 * function check_status().
 *
 * Decide if we should print an error message, and see if we can
 * extract any useful info from the error, such as a Path MTU hint
 * from the OS.
 */
void
x_check_status(ssize_t status, const char *description, struct link_socket *sock, struct tuntap *tt)
{
    const char *extended_msg = NULL;
 
    bool crt_error = false;
    int my_errno = openvpn_errno_maybe_crt(&crt_error);
 
    msg(x_cs_verbose_level, "%s %s returned %zd",
        sock ? proto2ascii(sock->info.proto, sock->info.af, true) : "", description, status);
 
    if (status < 0)
    {
        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
#if EXTENDED_SOCKET_ERROR_CAPABILITY
        /* get extended socket error message and possible PMTU hint from OS */
        if (sock)
        {
            int mtu;
            extended_msg = format_extended_socket_error(sock->sd, &mtu, &gc);
            if (mtu > 0 && sock->mtu != mtu)
            {
                sock->mtu = mtu;
                sock->info.mtu_changed = true;
            }
        }
#endif /* EXTENDED_SOCKET_ERROR_CAPABILITY */
 
#ifdef _WIN32
        /* get possible driver error from TAP-Windows driver */
        if (tuntap_defined(tt))
        {
            extended_msg = tap_win_getinfo(tt, &gc);
        }
#endif
 
        if (!ignore_sys_error(my_errno, crt_error))
        {
            if (extended_msg)
            {
                msg(x_cs_info_level, "%s %s [%s]: %s (fd=" SOCKET_PRINTF ",code=%d)",
                    description,
                    sock ? proto2ascii(sock->info.proto, sock->info.af, true) : "",
                    extended_msg,
                    openvpn_strerror(my_errno, crt_error, &gc),
                    sock ? sock->sd : SOCKET_UNDEFINED,
                    my_errno);
            }
            else
            {
                msg(x_cs_info_level, "%s %s: %s (fd=" SOCKET_PRINTF ",code=%d)",
                    description,
                    sock ? proto2ascii(sock->info.proto, sock->info.af, true) : "",
                    openvpn_strerror(my_errno, crt_error, &gc),
                    sock ? sock->sd : SOCKET_UNDEFINED,
                    my_errno);
            }
 
            if (x_cs_err_delay_ms)
            {
                platform_sleep_milliseconds(x_cs_err_delay_ms);
            }
        }
        gc_free(&gc);
    }
}
 
/*
 * In multiclient mode, put a client-specific prefix
 * before each message.
 */
const char *x_msg_prefix; /* GLOBAL */
 
/*
 * Allow MSG to be redirected through a virtual_output object
 */
 
const struct virtual_output *x_msg_virtual_output; /* GLOBAL */
 
/*
 * Exiting.
 */
 
void
openvpn_exit(const int status)
{
    if (!forked)
    {
        tun_abort();
 
#ifdef _WIN32
        uninit_win32();
#endif
        remove_pid_file();
 
        close_syslog();
 
#ifdef ENABLE_PLUGIN
        plugin_abort();
#endif
 
#if PORT_SHARE
        if (port_share)
        {
            port_share_abort(port_share);
        }
#endif
 
#ifdef ABORT_ON_ERROR
        if (status == OPENVPN_EXIT_STATUS_ERROR)
        {
            abort();
        }
#endif
    }
 
    exit(status);
}
 
/*
 * Translate msg flags into a string
 */
const char *
msg_flags_string(const msglvl_t flags, struct gc_arena *gc)
{
    struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(16, gc);
    if (flags == M_INFO)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "I");
    }
    if (flags & M_FATAL)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "F");
    }
    if (flags & M_NONFATAL)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "N");
    }
    if (flags & M_WARN)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "W");
    }
    if (flags & M_DEBUG)
    {
        buf_printf(&out, "D");
    }
    return BSTR(&out);
}
 
#ifdef _WIN32
 
const char *
strerror_win32(DWORD errnum, struct gc_arena *gc)
{
    /*
     * This code can be omitted, though often the Windows
     * WSA error messages are less informative than the
     * Posix equivalents.
     */
#if 1
    switch (errnum)
    {
        /*
         * When the TAP-Windows driver returns STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL, this code
         * gets returned to user space.
         */
        case ERROR_GEN_FAILURE:
            return "General failure (ERROR_GEN_FAILURE)";
 
        case ERROR_IO_PENDING:
            return "I/O Operation in progress (ERROR_IO_PENDING)";
 
        case WSA_IO_INCOMPLETE:
            return "I/O Operation in progress (WSA_IO_INCOMPLETE)";
 
        case WSAEINTR:
            return "Interrupted system call (WSAEINTR)";
 
        case WSAEBADF:
            return "Bad file number (WSAEBADF)";
 
        case WSAEACCES:
            return "Permission denied (WSAEACCES)";
 
        case WSAEFAULT:
            return "Bad address (WSAEFAULT)";
 
        case WSAEINVAL:
            return "Invalid argument (WSAEINVAL)";
 
        case WSAEMFILE:
            return "Too many open files (WSAEMFILE)";
 
        case WSAEWOULDBLOCK:
            return "Operation would block (WSAEWOULDBLOCK)";
 
        case WSAEINPROGRESS:
            return "Operation now in progress (WSAEINPROGRESS)";
 
        case WSAEALREADY:
            return "Operation already in progress (WSAEALREADY)";
 
        case WSAEDESTADDRREQ:
            return "Destination address required (WSAEDESTADDRREQ)";
 
        case WSAEMSGSIZE:
            return "Message too long (WSAEMSGSIZE)";
 
        case WSAEPROTOTYPE:
            return "Protocol wrong type for socket (WSAEPROTOTYPE)";
 
        case WSAENOPROTOOPT:
            return "Bad protocol option (WSAENOPROTOOPT)";
 
        case WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT:
            return "Protocol not supported (WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT)";
 
        case WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT:
            return "Socket type not supported (WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT)";
 
        case WSAEOPNOTSUPP:
            return "Operation not supported on socket (WSAEOPNOTSUPP)";
 
        case WSAEPFNOSUPPORT:
            return "Protocol family not supported (WSAEPFNOSUPPORT)";
 
        case WSAEAFNOSUPPORT:
            return "Address family not supported by protocol family (WSAEAFNOSUPPORT)";
 
        case WSAEADDRINUSE:
            return "Address already in use (WSAEADDRINUSE)";
 
        case WSAENETDOWN:
            return "Network is down (WSAENETDOWN)";
 
        case WSAENETUNREACH:
            return "Network is unreachable (WSAENETUNREACH)";
 
        case WSAENETRESET:
            return "Net dropped connection or reset (WSAENETRESET)";
 
        case WSAECONNABORTED:
            return "Software caused connection abort (WSAECONNABORTED)";
 
        case WSAECONNRESET:
            return "Connection reset by peer (WSAECONNRESET)";
 
        case WSAENOBUFS:
            return "No buffer space available (WSAENOBUFS)";
 
        case WSAEISCONN:
            return "Socket is already connected (WSAEISCONN)";
 
        case WSAENOTCONN:
            return "Socket is not connected (WSAENOTCONN)";
 
        case WSAETIMEDOUT:
            return "Connection timed out (WSAETIMEDOUT)";
 
        case WSAECONNREFUSED:
            return "Connection refused (WSAECONNREFUSED)";
 
        case WSAELOOP:
            return "Too many levels of symbolic links (WSAELOOP)";
 
        case WSAENAMETOOLONG:
            return "File name too long (WSAENAMETOOLONG)";
 
        case WSAEHOSTDOWN:
            return "Host is down (WSAEHOSTDOWN)";
 
        case WSAEHOSTUNREACH:
            return "No Route to Host (WSAEHOSTUNREACH)";
 
        case WSAENOTEMPTY:
            return "Directory not empty (WSAENOTEMPTY)";
 
        case WSAEPROCLIM:
            return "Too many processes (WSAEPROCLIM)";
 
        case WSAEUSERS:
            return "Too many users (WSAEUSERS)";
 
        case WSAEDQUOT:
            return "Disc Quota Exceeded (WSAEDQUOT)";
 
        case WSAESTALE:
            return "Stale NFS file handle (WSAESTALE)";
 
        case WSASYSNOTREADY:
            return "Network SubSystem is unavailable (WSASYSNOTREADY)";
 
        case WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED:
            return "WINSOCK DLL Version out of range (WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED)";
 
        case WSANOTINITIALISED:
            return "Successful WSASTARTUP not yet performed (WSANOTINITIALISED)";
 
        case WSAEREMOTE:
            return "Too many levels of remote in path (WSAEREMOTE)";
 
        case WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND:
            return "Host not found (WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND)";
 
        default:
            break;
    }
#endif /* if 1 */
 
    /* format a windows error message */
    {
        wchar_t wmessage[256];
        char *message = NULL;
        struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(256, gc);
        const DWORD status =
            FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM
                               | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ARGUMENT_ARRAY,
                           NULL, errnum, 0, wmessage, SIZE(wmessage), NULL);
        if (status)
        {
            message = utf16to8(wmessage, gc);
        }
        if (!status || !message)
        {
            buf_printf(&out, "[Unknown Win32 Error]");
        }
        else
        {
            char *cp;
            for (cp = message; *cp != '\0'; ++cp)
            {
                if (*cp == '\n' || *cp == '\r')
                {
                    *cp = ' ';
                }
            }
 
            buf_printf(&out, "%s", message);
        }
 
        return BSTR(&out);
    }
}
 
#endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */